The Hurricane Essay Example

The Hurricane Essay The movie, The Hurricane, coordinated by Rudy Langlais is an incredible creation which investigates issues and talks around race and prejudice. I will start with a concise portrayal of the film before I start my investigation. The film depends on a genuine story and is set in America from the 1950s through to the 1980s. Rubin Hurricane Carter, an African American, has spent the greater part of his life in jail beginning from the age of eleven, for wrongdoings he was unjustly indicted. White specialists did everything possible yet additionally ruined the lawful framework to place and keep Rubin (Hurricane) Carter in jail just on account of his race. In the wake of going through twenty years in State jail for being wrongly indicted for a triple homicide, Rubin was liberated after a youthful African American kid and three white American residents battled to free him. I will investigate and break down three of the predominant talks about race in the film with the end goal of this paper. Be that as it may, I trust it is essential to initially address the inquiry: What is a talk? A talk is an arrangement of articulations which builds an item. To expound further, scholar Foucault accepts talks are about what can be said and thought, yet additionally about who can talk, when, and with what authority (Robinson Jones Diaz, 1999, p. 4). In this way, talks are personally connected with the manner in which society is sorted out as it impacts on people groups character having suggestions for they can do and what they ought to do. Therefore, ones subjectivity and force will be built by the talks that are verifiably and socially accessible to them (Robinson Jones Diaz, 1999, p. 4). The three talks that I will examine in this exposition is obviously characterized by the language and activities depicted in this film. The primary talk is that dark individuals ar e peasants inclined to unrefined conduct. Furthermore, the socially developed thought of whiteness connotes force and benefit. The third talk I will examine is that every single white individuals are racists. These expansive issues have suggestions for youth training and this will likewise be examined quickly in this article. We will compose a custom article test on The Hurricane explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Hurricane explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Hurricane explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The talk that every dark individuals are peons and inclined to unrefined conduct was a reality that started during the colonization of America, thinking back to the eighteenth and nineteenth century. After the European pioneers executed off endless quantities of Native Americans, they imported individuals from Africa to come and work in America as slaves on manors. The Europeans saw them as substandard people who are nonsensical, dislocated, inclined to graceless conduct and for all intents and purposes subhuman (Institute of Race Relations, 1982). So what was it that caused the Europeans to accept that dark individuals were in reality a savage race? It was the thought of Darwinism, philosophized by Charles Darwin during the 1880s that permitted such talks to be kept up and acknowledged as truth. Darwin accepted that various gatherings of individuals or races developed more than hundreds and thousands, even a great many years at various rates and times, thus, a few gatherings were mo re similar to their chimp like progenitors than others. He held sure that the dark race originated from gorillas and were the least evolved, while the white race originated from chimpanzees and were the most noteworthy, most developed race (Jim, 2002). In this way the white race was normally and organically observed as being increasingly better than some other race. This view was thought to be demonstrated and in this manner lead to the possibility that social connections are regular. Subsequently, perpetual dark inadequacy remained the prevailing logical theory. By the 1920s, course books upheld the possibility that man had advanced from a lower living thing forming into differing degrees of achievement. Data, for example, white individuals being normally prevalent and dark individuals being mediocre and more primate like, was usually reflected in science books distributed from 1880 to 1980 (Jim, 2002). The way that racial partiality got naturalized, universalised and seen just like a logical actuality, clarifies why perspectives of raci al mediocrity have kept on plagueing western culture. For instance, insights show that most of white individuals in America accept that African Americans are progressively fierce, less canny and not as dedicated as white individuals (Jim, 2002). In The Hurricane, talks of dark mediocrity was maintained by incredible organizations, for example, the legitimate framework, as cops reserved the option to capture and rebuff dark individuals without huge evidence of their conviction. For instance, when youthful Rubin Carter was constrained into a police headquarters in the wake of being unfairly blamed for hurting a white man, the police sergeant had said to the official, Its a nigger with a blade. I dont care how old he is. Deal with him. The adjudicator at the conference had then said to Rubin, I just wish you were mature enough, Id send you to state jail. These models show that cultural force strengthens talks as it convinces individuals into taking up the predominant situation of the talk. As clarified by Robinson and Jones-Diaz (1999), those individuals who are situated outside the prevailing talk, for this situation the dark individuals, will as often as possible experience disparities, reduced force, and practically zero hel p from the predominant culture for their certainties about the world. The socially built thought of whiteness connotes force and benefit. This talk started molding itself since the European colonization of America. Since it turned into a reality that the white race normally had a more magnified predetermination than some other race, non-whites turned out to be continually sabotaged and estranged both as people and as citizenry. Accordingly, being white turns into the undetectable standard in the public eye speaking to a legitimate, delimited and various leveled method of thought (Kicheloe ; Steinberg, 1997, p. 4). A parallel inverse is then desultorily framed among whites and non-whites inside the conflicting idea of whiteness being both a predominant culture and a non-culture. This implies talks of being white are something contrary to the talks of being a non-white. For instance, the talk that whiteness speaks to deliberateness, discernment, and restraint and non-whiteness speaks to disarray, madness, savagery and ignoble conduct (Kicheloe ; Steinber g, 1997, p. 17). This talk of white benefit is emphatically uncovered all through this film by the methods for language. It is the utilization of language that permit predominant talks to win in the public eye since this is the way wherein information or truth is given starting with one individual then onto the next. Discussions held among high contrast individuals in the film uncover to us the talk of racial domination. For example, when Rubin Carter showed up at the location of the wrongdoing in his vehicle joined by another dark man, a white cop (who had not seen the wrongdoing), said to Rubin, Were searching for two negros in a vehicle, to which Rubin insightfully answered, Any two will do? This model gives us that white individuals or white specialists unwittingly accept that solitary dark individuals are prepared to do such uncouth acts. As bolstered by Kicheloe and Steinberg (1997), In request for whiteness to put itself in the benefit seat of discernment and prevalence, it would need to build inescapable pictures of non-whites (p. 4) This strategy in this manner, was a methodology whereby whiteness could continue and keep up its situation of intensity and benefit over different races. Consequently, the belief system white meritocracy defended itself amidst disparity. The past two talks inspected, answers the third talk that every single white individuals are racists. Americas history of racial segregation inside the development of its social request discloses to me why numerous ethnic minorities today accept that every single white individuals are racists. This nonetheless, this is just a talk seeing as it generalizations every white individuals into a solitary class. Another clarification of why this talk exists today is communicated by Hitchcock (1999), who thinks about that society itself is supremacist, giving every white individuals racial benefits and consequently making them racists regardless. This conviction, nonetheless, overlooks the way that many white individuals today are in truth attempting to challenge racial oppression. For instance, Challenging White Supremacy Workshops are directed in America for white social equity activists who need to work for racial equity and challenge white benefit in the entirety of their social equity w ork (Ponder, 1997). Consequently, this talk every white individuals are racists is in truth being tested in American culture today. In the film, Rubin (Hurricane) Carter takes on the conviction that every white individuals are racists. In the wake of going through just about twenty years in state jail, Rubin communicates a sentiment of stun and despise when his African American companion acquaints him with three white people who need to help Rubin escape jail. Rubin says to his African American companion, I dont need to converse with them, simply go. In any case, the three white people, resolved to discharge Rubin, challenge racial oppression subsequent to being compromised by white specialists to avoid Rubin and leave town. The white lady emphatically opposes this danger by telling the specialists that she was not going to leave the town until she sees Rubin get set free. The white residents in the movie, consequently, are legitimately testing racial domination and racial treachery. Thus, the talk that every white individuals are racists have been tested, and reality that Rubin held according to this disco

Human Relations Movement Essay

Human Relations Movement alludes to those specialists of hierarchical improvement who study the conduct of individuals in gatherings, specifically working environment gatherings. It started during the 1930s Hawthorne considers, which inspected the impacts of social relations, inspiration and worker fulfillment on processing plant profitability. The development saw laborers regarding their brain research and fit with organizations, instead of as compatible parts. Å"The sign of human-connection hypotheses is the power given to associations as human agreeable frameworks instead of mechanical contraptions. George Elton Mayo focused on the accompanying: Natural gatherings, in which social perspectives overshadow utilitarian authoritative structures Upwards correspondence, by which correspondence is two way, from laborer to CEO, just as the other way around. Durable and great authority is expected to convey objectives and to guarantee viable and sound dynamic (Wilson and Rosenfeld, Managing Organizations, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, p. 9. ) It has become a worry of numerous organizations to improve the activity situated relational aptitudes of workers. The educating of these abilities to workers is alluded to as Å"soft skills  preparing. Organizations need their workers to have the option to effectively impart and pass on data, to have the option to decipher others feelings, to be available to others emotions, and to have the option to fathom clashes and show up at goals. By getting these aptitudes, the workers, those in the executives positions, and the client can keep up increasingly good connections. (DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Human Relations Interpersonal Job-Oriented Skills, Pearson Prentice Hall, ninth. ed. , New Jersey, p. 2. ) Institutes where human relations are considered include: The Tavistock Institute, co-distributers of the Human Relations diary; the NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science; The Oasis School of Human Relations, Masters Degree in Globally Responsible Leadership (Oasis Press distributes human relations books and manuals); Trevecca Nazarene University, Bachelors Degree in Management and Human Relations for working grown-ups; the University of Oklahoma offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, just as a Master of Human Relations; Concordia University (Montreal, Canada) offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, just as a Master of Human Systems Intervention.

The Decline and Collapse of General Motors - Free Essay Example

The Decline and Collapse Of General Motors ntroduction General Motors (GM), who once dominated the automobile industry, has now plummeted, almost to the point of extinction. Throughout the 1940’s to the 1970’s General Motors (GM) had dominated the automobile industry. By the 1980’s, GM was suddenly facing a shift in the economy and consumer demands. GM’s Earlier Successes In the 1950’s, GM agreed to pay their workers well, by signing groundbreaking long-term employment union contracts which included: †¢workers to be the highest paid in America pay rates were automatically increased with the rate of inflation †¢workers were paid during shutdown periods †¢extensive health coverage †¢strong retirement benefits †¢substantial pension plans †¢full benefits for long time employees This benefited GM because it ensured that workers returned to work after shutdowns for model year changes. In the business world, GM was known for its large distribution, multiple brands, product lines and designs. To consumers of GM cars, it was all about speed and comfort. GM quickly became the leader in the automotive industry, with a market share exceeding 50%. What Went Wrong External Factors Gas Prices Unexpectedly oil prices skyrocketed, increasing from under $1. 00 a barrel in the 1960’s, up to $18. 00 per barrel in the 1970’s. In turn, gas prices had also risen from . 12 cents to $1. 00 per gallon during this same time period. That’s an 88% price hike. By 1973, consumers were looking for alternatives in saving money at the gas pumps; they started buying more fuel-efficient cars. During that time GM was still producing large vehicles with eight-cylinder engines, â€Å"gas guzzlers†, because they could earn much higher profits on these than on smaller vehicles. The cost to consumers to fill the gas tanks had caused sales to drop on these large trucks and SUV’s, and GM started losing its market share to foreign competitors. Foreign Competitors Once thought of as a none-threatening competitor, Japanese auto-makers took advantage of this shift in consumer demand. When their sales increased, Japanese manufacturers accepting a low profit margin reinvested the money back into the company to improve the quality of their products. Unlike, GM who hadn’t figured out how to sell smaller cars at lower prices, and still make a profit. Soon, they became the market leaders in the auto industry, filling the niches GM left open. Internal Factors Corporate Culture GM had always been known for its ingenuity and versatility in developing many of its brand named vehicles which made them so popular. Its marketing strategy was to have the largest distribution and selection of vehicles on the market. At GM’s peak of rapid growth, investors received generous portions of profit, employees were compensated extremely well for their work, and consumers received vehicles at modest prices. GM dominated the market for forty years, some of which were during times of economic hardships, and they weren’t willing to change their formula for success. High-Priced Cars GM had agreed to pay its employees according to their contracts, but in the 1970’s the rate of inflation skyrocketed above 10% per year. GM was forced to pay automatic increases, driving wage rates to new levels, and driving their car prices to new heights. With the economy slowing down, GM closed down its plants. The impact of its employment contracts that had caused them to pay workers, who weren’t working, boosted the price of their cars even more. Disgruntled consumers bought more foreign cars. GM tried to bring back its loyal customers by introducing the Chevrolet Vega, but with its low profit margins, it was soon taken out of production. GM’s New Tactics In an effort to regain GM’s market share, Chairman Roger Smith, made the decisions to shut down several of its factories, which devastated some Midwestern towns. Smith opened a new GM division that would compete with Japanese imports. The new division leaders were allowed to negotiate new labor contracts with its employees, design entirely new cars, and open new dealerships. GM was given the opportunity to make radical changes and regain its market leadership, they failed. The Saturn was introduced, but has recently closed its doors. Adam Hartung (a business advisor), says GM could have avoided its present dilemma. According to Hartung, Smith shouldn’t have opened a new division separate from the main firm. Instead he says Smith should have focused on making dramatic changes within the existing company’s labor structure, dealer structure, and vehicles, by imitating its competitors. GM’s Demise It was GM’s arrogance that led this company to their present demise. GM had monopolized the auto industry for so long, they thought they were infallible; believing that its competitors would never have the resources or capability that they had. GM never considered shifts in the environment (gas prices and a declining economy) and consumer demands for quality and fuel-efficient automobiles. Too busy with their own internal problems, like employee contracts that forced them to focus on high profits; they had ignored and underestimated their competitors. GM has lost its share of the market. Had they focused on the innovation they had when the company was first established, they may not be in the situation they are in today. It appears that they had drifted away from their mission to become and stay the leader of the automotive industry, now their paying the price. Recently, GM’s stock price had fallen from $96 per share, to . 80 cents a share. Conclusion To avoid such harsh repercussions, GM should have had a contingency plan for emergencies, should unforeseen circumstances arise they would have an alternative plan. Every company must adapt quickly to sudden changes in the environment especially during down-turns in the economy if they are to survive. Implementing new strategic plans should have been considered. Had they planned for changes in the environment they could have renegotiated the employment contracts. Monies would then be available for repositioning and restructuring the company. Innovation would be alive and well, and by reducing its cost of doing business, the prices of its cars would once again be affordable to its loyal consumers. https://www. thephoenixprinciple. com/ebooks/thefallofgm_adam_hartung. pdf

Identity And Identity Change, And Acts Of Identification

This essay looks at identity, specifically on an individual level as well as identity change, and acts of identification. Identity is difficult to define- it is not known exactly what forms out identity. But it is known that individuals have multiple identities, that come into practice depending on the context of where they are, and who they are with. A person has not only one self, but several selves that correspond to widening circles of group memberships. Different social context may trigger an individual to think, feel, and act on basis of their personal, family or national level of self, in addition to this a person also has multiple-social identies (self-concept derived from perceived memberships of social groups). Personal identity refers to self-knowledge derived from individual’s unique attributes. In addition, identity provides a link between individuals and the world they live in. It combines how they see their selves and how others see them, Identity involves the internal, the subjective, and the external, it is a socially recognised position, that is recognised by others not just the individual. It is for these reasons that social scientists find identity both individual and collective of interest. Acts of identification occur as a result of identity changes, which allow the individual to see themselves in another’s place, or to imagine themselves into a new identity. Identity change can mean different things on varying levels dependent on the ‘pace of change’,Show MoreRelatedNotes On Social Identity Theory1191 Words   |  5 PagesContextualizing BIRG: Social Identity Theory SIT (Tajfel et al., 1971; Tajfel Turner, 1979) has been explained briefly in the Introduction, which provided an overview on the nature of its construction (Galang et al., 2015) and its implications on ingroup inclusion, intergroup behavior, and self-esteem (Brewer Yuki, 2007). This theory is further discussed here, particularly its conception of group identification and esteem, to give context to BIRG and the framework of analysis that will be usedRead MoreEvaluate the Claim That Identity Is Determined by Relationships1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe claim that Identity is determined by relationships Essay Plan First Paragraph Introduction Define Identity Quote Changing identities Gender identity Mines (DVD) Second Paragraph New mothers Gous quote Quote pg 254, 269 and 265 Body image Racial – Fanon - 278 Third Paragraph Social psychology Michael Billig – quote 274 National Identity – 212 Freud - quote Fourth Paragraph Conclusion Quote – 252 Erik Erikson Evaluate the claim that Identity is determined byRead MoreIdentity Theft Prevention And Protection1733 Words   |  7 Pages  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Section 10.9 Identity Theft Prevention and Protection The constant evolution of technology has led to the expansion of a crime that feeds on the inability of consumers to control who has access to sensitive information and how it is safeguarded. That crime is identity theft. Identity theft causes financial damage to consumers, creditors, retail establishments, and the economy as a whole. The Identity Theft Policy of NFBS is designed to reasonably detect red flags, respond to red flagsRead MoreIs Ethnocentrism And Social Identity Are The Crux Of Intergroup Conflict And Divisiveness On A Global Scale?871 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 9 Written Assignment Ethnocentrism and social identity are the crux of intergroup conflict and divisiveness on a global scale. The theory of ethnocentrism is founded on the presumptions put forth by Sumner (1906), in Folkways, a sociological treatise on†¦ the. Sumner (1906) remarked, â€Å"[e]thnocentrism is the technical name for this view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it† (as cited in Segall et al., 1990, pRead MoreA Deeper Understanding Of Identity Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesand more. 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As this individual begin to familiarize him/herself with this new country, a number of people who religiously consume this place, are not as open to familiarizing themselves with this person of unchained difference.Read MoreThe Body, Soul, And Brain1426 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to personal identity and survival of the self, it is difficult to say what defines a person throughout time. The three arguments are for the body, soul, and brain. These theories argue that each respective component of a person, must remain the same throughout time in order for a person to be unchanged. The brain theory is more plausible than its counterparts. To prove this, first, I will describe the soul and body theories, which I oppose, and then present an argument based on theRead MoreThe Limits of Identification1770 Words   |  7 PagesLimits of Identification Identities are prescriptive representations of every society’s members themselves and of their relationship to each other. The â€Å"limits of identification†, thus divide social prescription of identity into two categories, prescriptive accounts of members themselves which is their personal identities, and behavioral prescriptions for the proper enactment of these identities which is society’s norms or behavioral norms that require individual’s to be identified and act in certainRead MoreIdentity Theory And Social Identity1228 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity theory traces its root in the writing of G.H Mead, the American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who says that the image or the feeling that a person creates for him or herself in a particular society is the result of other’s vision, which is created daily and is subjected to change. Richard Jinkens, the sociologist describes that social identity means who we are and who the others are and on the other hand what the other thinks about themselves and others. Further, Mead elaboratesRead MoreEssay about Race and Ethnicity in Social Sciences877 Words   |  4 PagesUse of the Terms Race and Ethnicity in the Social Sciences Defining identity can be complex and therefore we have to investigate the factors involved that make us who we are and how we are seen by others, collectively or individually. Social scientists have to consider the key elements which shape identity, the importance of social structures and agency involved. The differences and/or similarities between us are the focus that categorise and label us in society. Knowing who we are is important

The Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War - 887 Words

Clash of Civilizations Throughout history civilizations have collided because of many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the weaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s population was about 9.2 million with 83 percent Hutu and 17 percent Tutsi. However, half the Tutsi population was in exile† (73.) My claim is that the Rwandan Civil War was a fault line conflict and catalyzed the genocide between the two ethnic groups of the Hutu, and the Tutsi. The Belgian colonial power influence that was left for the Rwandan people, negatively disassociated civilizations, and insinuated the dispute over which ethnicity was superior. The Belg ians institutionalized the split between the two groups, culminating in the insurance to every Rwandan of an ethnic identity card. For instance, Alan Thompson a journalist with The Star claims that, â€Å"Hutu killers in urban areas identified the Tutsi who were its original beneficiaries† of the card, also, â€Å"the majority Hutu were treated with harshness appropriate to a lower caste†(21.) It became natural for Hutu to agree that the two ethnic groups, ere distinguished by their fundamental dissimilarities in nature.Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War889 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have collided because of the many differences. Whatever the differences may be, much can be described as a fault line war. These wars have characteristics of the bloody massacres that are led on by ownership in territory and contain non-governmental groups at the helm of the massacre. Inevitably, these wars result in ethnic cleansing of the w eaker group. Kenneth J. Campbell, Associate Professor Emeritus at University of Delaware, claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s populationRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesstepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. Rwanda used to be a peaceful country until the Civil war started. Belgium then took over Rwanda and put the Tutsis in charge of the government because they had more European characteristics like the Belgium population (Anderson 1). This upset the Hutus, so the Hutus then blamed the Tutsis for the president’s assassination. The Rwandan genocide then started on April 6, 1994. It lasted for 100 brutal days. The Hutus then began to slaughter theRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 PagesCentral Africa continues to experience instability with civil wars; terrorism; ethnic violence and a lack of proper governance. 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The people of Congo areRead MoreThe Heemer Essay examples708 Words   |  3 PagesBetween Humans and the Environment. Theme 2 is Development and Interaction of Cultures. Theme 3 is State-Building, Expansion and Conflict. Theme 4 is Creation, Expansion and Interaction of Economic Systems. Theme 5 is Development and Transformation of Social Structures. All of these themes apply in the movie Hotel Rwanda. Hotel Rwanda portrays how the Rwandan Civil War went down and how the Milles Collines helped save many Hutus from being ki lled by the Tutsi. Theme 1 which is Interaction BetweenRead MoreConflict Is A Old As Mankind1230 Words   |  5 Pages Conflict is as old as mankind. The root of conflict lays in the development of insecurities arising out of jealousy, disagreement, injustice, discomfort, competition in the relationship of two or more groups or persons. According to the Dictionary meaning Conflict refers to some form of friction, disagreement, or discord arising within a group when the beliefs or actions of one or more members of the group are either resisted by or unacceptable to one or more members of another group. When weRead MoreMedia Coverage On Afric Ethnic Conflict And Civil War1328 Words   |  6 Pages Media Coverage in Africa Ethnic conflict and civil war is a recurrent phenomena affecting many countries in Africa, and has been ignored, oversimplified and overlooked by majority of the Western world. Despite the decades of conflict, and loss of life, when the media does cover conflict in Africa, the damage has already been done. For an example, the awareness regarding the Rwandan Crisis was very delayed and action was taken too late, causing the deaths of thousands of lives. In 1994, RwandaRead More Roots of the Rwandan Genocide1739 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 6, 1994, Rwanda experienced a period of great turmoil as thousands of people fell victim to the horrors of the Rwandan genocide. The main targets of the genocide were Tutsis and Hutu moderates. Though the main cause of the genocide was a conflict between two ethnicities, the genocide was also fueled by political factors and social conditions. Rwanda is the smallest sub-Saharan country with a population of about 7 million inhabitants. 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Combined these two wars killed upward of 1,050,000 people, and affected the lives of all the people that lived there. The conflicts in Sierra Leone and Rwanda occurred for different major reasons, but many little aspects were similar. Politics and Ethnicity were the two main conflicts, but despite the different

Dust Bowl Essay Example For Students

Dust Bowl Essay The early 1900s were a time of turmoil for farmers in the United States, especially in the Great Plains region. After the end of World War I, overproduction by farmers resulted in low prices for crops. When farmers first came to the Midwest, they farmed as much wheat as they could because of the high prices and demand. Of the ninety-seven acres, almost thirty-two million acres were being cultivated. The farmers were careless in their planting of the crop, caring only about profit, and they started plowing grasslands that were not made for planting Because of their constant plowing year after year and the lack of rainfall, the soil was quickly losing its fertility. With unfertile, dry land, the wheat crop started dying, and then blowing away with wind. Due to the improper farming, along with a long drought, dust storms made life in the Dust Bowl Essay very burdensome. During the 1930s, the Great Plains was plagued with a drought, a long period of dryness, which brought demise to many of the farmers in the region. This horrible drought started in 1930, a year that saw heavy rains in a very short time, which cause flooding in many areas of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The year continued to with horrible blizzards in the winter and a drought into the late summer. Many of the farms in the Great Plains, losing most of the crop, were greatly affected by the first droughts of the 1930s. The months of July and August saw about a forty-percent decrease of precipitation compared to previous years. From 1934 to 1936, A record drought hit the southwestern region. In 1934 the temperature was excruciatingly hot, causing many to die as a result of the heat. 1935 was a year where rainfall was very, very scarce. The heat began to rise at fast rates in the summer of 1936, with many days reaching above 120 degrees. The drought, along with the dust storms, were major reasons for poor farming in the Great Plains during the early to mid-1930s. Because of the drought, the ground became very dry in the Great Plains. This area, known as the Dust Bowl, was a region of horrible dust storms during most of the 1930s. The storms accompanied the drought and intensified the problems of the farmers. With the drought, many fields were not in a situation to grow crops. Since the fields were so dry, the topsoil would easily blow away with the passing wind. In 1932 many fields were starting to be brutally damaged by the dust. The Oklahoma Panhandle was hit for twenty-two straight days of dust storms, which created drifts everywhere. This flying dirt killed off much of the crops. In a one-year span 139 days were considered to have had dust storms. Even though the dirt storms were less common in 1934, it was the year in which national attention was gained for the region because of the extreme heat. Also in 1934, approximately 350 million tons of soil was lost in just one storm. The following year was a time of large, powerful dust storms. During the month of May in 1935, a storm known as Black Sunday created winds up to sixty miles per hour and left many farms ruined. The storms were normality by 1935, and extreme weather was a common characteristic. The number of storms began to rise again in 1936, and the temperatures became scorching. But by the end of 1936, rain started to fall once again; however, the droughts soon returned and forced many farmers to leave their fields and to move west. By 1938 there was mixture of snow and dirt that reached blizzard like sizes, which were call snusters. These storms caused a great amount of destruction to the farms and sorrow to the farmers. Pearl harbor Essay With farms in horrible conditions, farmers in the Dust Bowl found farming a very difficult task. President Roosevelt and his New Deal tried to ease the pains of the farmers. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) was formed to help out the farmers in their time of need. It paid farmers not to farm parts of their land to get prices back up. The Supreme Court ruled .

Internet Censorship Essays (3424 words) - Content-control Software

Internet Censorship The Internet is a wonderful place of entertainment and education but like all places used by millions of people, it has some murky corners people would prefer children not to explore. In the physical world society as a whole conspires to protect children, but there are no social or physical constraints to Internet surfing. The Internet Censorship Bill of 1995, also known as the Exon/Coats Communications Decency Act, has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. It would make it a criminal offense to make available to children anything that is indecent, or to send anything indecent with "intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass" ("Stop the Communications ..." n.p.). The goal of this bill as written(though not as stated by its proponents) is to try to make all public discourse on the Internet suitable for young children. The issue of whether is it necessary to have censorship on the Internet is being argued all over the world. There are numerous homepages on the World Wide Web discussing this issue, or asking people to sign the petition to stop government censorship. The Internet was originally a place for people to freely express their ideas worldwide. It is also one of America's most valuable types of technology; scientists use email for quick and easy communication. They post their current scientific discoveries on the Usenet newsgroups so other scientists in the same field of study all over the world can know in minutes. Ordinary people use the Net for communication, expressing their opinions in the newsgroups, obtaining up-to-date information from the WWW, acquiring files by using FTP, etc. Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. In the Internet community, there is a large volume of technical terms. For this reason, it is first necessary to examine the terminology specific to Internet. The Internet is a world wide computer network. The "Net" is frequently used in place of Internet. In the words of Allison and Baxter, two experts on Internet Censorship at the Monash University, "the Internet is comprised of various digital media subsuming many of the distinct roles of traditional media" (Allison and Baxter 3). Electronic mail (email), which is one component of the Internet, approximates person to person letters, memoranda, notes and even phone calls. Sound and pictures are sometimes sent along with text. Email is mainly for private communication. Electronic mailing lists are rather like club newsletters and readers have to contract-in or subscribe to a list. Another term that is often used is electronic news (enews/Usenet), enews is a broadcast, free to the Internet medium. It has some properties of radio or television, particularly talk-back radio or television, in that the destination is indiscriminate. The term FTP is also frequently used. File transfer protocol (FTP) started as an Internet archival and retrieval medium, somewhat analogous to traditional libraries. Files can be retrieved from distant computers using a traditional text-based interface. The world-wide web (WWW), which is another component of the Net, can be used to "publish" material that would traditionally appear in journals, magazines, posters, books, television and even on film. The term UNIX, "a widely heard computer term, is a multi-user, multitasking operating system originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, at AT&T Bell Laboratories, in 1969 for use on minicomputers" ("UNIX" n.p.). To understand the background of the controversy, it is also necessary to give a brief history on the Internet. The Internet was created about twenty years ago in an attempt to connect a U.S. Defense Department network called the ARPAnet and various other radio and satellite networks. The ARPAnet was an experimental network designed to support military research; in particular, research about how to build networks that could withstand partial outages (such as bomb attacks) and still function. At about the same time the Internet was coming into being, Ethernet local area networks ("LANs") were developed. Most of these workstations came with Berkeley UNIX, which included IP (Internet Protocol) networking software. This created a new demand: rather than connecting to a single large timesharing computer per site, organizations wanted to connect the ARPAnet to their entire local network. The demand keeps growing today. Now that most four-year colleges are connected to the Net, people are trying to get secondary and primary schools connected. People who have graduated from college where they have used the resources of the Net in classes, know what the Internet is good for, and talk their employers into connecting different corporations. All this activity points to continued growth, networking problems to

Women Judges essays

Women Judges essays The article, Will Women Judges Really Make a Difference?, is an analysis on a major characteristic of the judging profession. Appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, Madame Justice Bertha Wilson investigates the validity of the claim that judges must be unbiased when deciding cases before the court. Madame Wilson states that change in the law comes slowly and incrementally; that is its nature. Describing that she has began an era being a woman appointed to the SCC, Madame Wilson begins to examine the fact that the biases presented by courts world-wide may be significantly different from hers. The article points out that it is the values, experiences, and assumptions imbedded in the courts which create the jurisprudence that affect the decisions, further altering society. Wilson continues in her analysis by stating that the belief that the justice system is fundamentally neutral may be slightly skewed. Though the principals at the root of the justice system are inherently neutral, many beliefs and viewpoints of women are excluded, creating biased in the laws. She continues to develop the concept that with women in judiciary office, their concepts will only offset those of their male counterparts if biases are apparent in the courts. To solve the problem of gender bias gaps, Mad ame Justice states that education programs will be held to help reach an understanding and vanquish any problems before they arise. Madame Justice Wilson also says that many feminists feel that women are connected to each other, thus, with female judges, the courts will more effectively manage disputes, and promote gender neutrality. Madame Wilson concludes her argument by posing statements that with duality in courts, the law system may finally achieve the neutral duality which it attempts to maintain. The only problems with the article are those that Madame Justice Wilson posed, being that the judicial system may not be neutral....

Risk Management Position in Healthcare Designated Record Set HIPAA Research Paper

Risk Management Position in Healthcare Designated Record Set HIPAA Privacy Laws - Research Paper Example The paper provides supporting work for the risk management plan as well as the counterarguments to it. In the end, the conclusion establishes the need for a risk management plan. The rights of the people seeking health care have been the subject of much debate over the past decades. One of the rights of the patients is to access their health information and to modify it if it is deemed to have any discrepancy. Several legislations have been passed to grant the patients their due rights and to protect the abuse of medical information and health records of the patients. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was enacted by President Clinton. The Act has two aspects: it provides confidentiality to the records of the patients and prevents fraud and abuse and it makes sure that insurance and health care is portable. Health information refers to the information, either stored in any form or oral; it is given to a health care provider and is related to the p ast, present and future state of health of an individual. The Privacy rules and the Act regulate what information regarding the health of an individual can be used and disclosed. This information is known as the protected health information (PHI), and organizations which are liable to conform to the Privacy rules are called covered entities. The Designated Record Set (DRS) refers to the group of health records that have been maintained by the covered entities, including the medical and billing information of the patients, enrollment, claims adjudication, as well as the medical record management systems, used for health plans. Its utility is for decision making about individuals. All hospitals, clinics and other healthcare providers are required to comply with the HIPAA. Failing to do so can have dire consequences for the individuals involved.

FEMA Incident Command Systems and National Incident Management Systems Research Paper

FEMA Incident Command Systems and National Incident Management Systems Related to Law Enforcement Personnel - Research Paper Example As a law enforcement officer involved in special operations you have to be able to effectively respond to such operations using certain established guidelines and principles to protect property, live and the environment and restore normalcy. The Federal Emergency Management Authority (FEMA) is one such body under the US Department of Homeland Security tasked with handling emergency situations. Given that emergencies are unpredictable events that require cross functional approaches, as more than one agency may be involved, hence the need for a standardized approach and guidelines that are not specific to one agency. The FEMA has a system called the Incident Command System (ICS) that employs methods and standards that have been verified for efficiency and success in the business world and applied to emergency situations using a standard command, control and coordination system to achieve the aims of emergency responses and management. The ICS system enables proper cooperation and coord ination among different agencies since there are emergency occasions when as a special operations officer you may come under the command of someone from a different agency such as fire fighting whose methods and command structures could be different from special operations. This paper will therefore examine the beginnings of ICS, the development of new rules and guidelines with emphasis to the presidential order to the Department for Homeland Security in response to the September 11th terrorist attacks and then look at the guidelines from various sources, discuss them and draw conclusions. ICS can be traced to the 1970s when wildfires became a big problem in California when the state, federal, county and local fire departments, recognizing that no one agency can handle a fire emergency all alone, joined together to form a platform called the Firefighting Resources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies (FIRESCOPE) that pinpointed certain problems common to emergencies and hindering inter agency cooperation, including non uniform terms and commands, non-aligned communication, a missing scope for increasing or reducing the size of the joint response team depending on the situation, deficient combined plans of action plans and a lack of a command system to oversee inter agency operations (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2011). The ICS is a model tactic built on best practice standards for managing emergencies and incidents that allow for a synchronized response from different agencies that creates a shared approach to scheduling and managing resources and enhances the incorporation of equipment, facilities, staff, systems within a unified organizational framework (â€Å"Introduction to the ICS†, 2009). The ICS has however evolved into an all inclusive emergency response and coordination approach for emergencies that utilizes a unified structure of organization and management system. The ICS is based on five main premises: Command, Logistics, Operatio ns, Planning, Finance/Administration (â€Å"What is the ICS?† 2010) During an emergency the law enforcement agencies leadership is organized into the above units with each having a jurisdiction over all the different agencies involved in the emergency. After the September 11t

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay Example for Free

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † — Margaret Mead I. Prologue At present, it is quite difficult to imagine how there was a time when women were not afforded the same rights and opportunities as men. Some of these rights and opportunities include the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote. At present, it is quite revolting to think how women were tagged and branded to remain at home and pursue the best interests of her family members, but not hers. It is quite difficult to imagine, but the truth of the matter is that there was such a time that all these unimaginable things and revolting things were happening, when women were to take the backseat to the men and when they were not regarded as equals. The goal of the first wave feminism was to correct all these notions and to try to achieve a position for the women when they do not take the backseat to the men, but stay beside the men as their equals. Slowly, this was achieved. Hence, women were then are given the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote, among all others. All of these things are remarkable achievements and should in and by themselves, be commended. However, it cannot be denied once again, that the struggle of women does not end with the first wave feminism, after all its not apt to call it the first wave if there is no second wave. The second wave devolved around the problems that the achievements of the first wave put to fore. The sum of all these goals is ultimately for society treat woman not just as an object but as a subject — who has her own thoughts and who can speak through her own mind and with her own voice (Delmar, 2005, p. 32). The ultimate goal was to liberate woman from her reification. Thus, MacKinnon remarked: I say, give women equal power in social life. Let what we say matter, then we will discourse on questions of morality. Take your foot off our necks, then we will hear in what tongue women speak. So long as sex equality is limited by â€Å"sex difference† whether you like it or don’t like it, whether you value it or seek to negate it, whether you stake it out as a grounds for feminism or occupy it as the terrain of misogyny, women will be born, degraded and die. We would still settle for that equal protection of the laws under which one would be born, live and die, in a country where protection is not a dirty word and equality is not a special privilege (1987, p. 45). The issues and problems created by the first wave as manifested in the second wave led Bell Hooks to assert that [a]ll women are oppressed, and being oppressed means the absence of choices. The goal of this Paper then is to try to explain in a simplified but not in a simplistic manner what Bell Hooks meant when she cited the above-mentioned assertion through an exposition of some the writings during the second wave feminism. The Paper shall be divided into four parts. The first part is the Prologue, where these paragraphs fall under, which shall discuss in general the background and the goal of the Paper. The second part shall discuss in general what Bell Hooks asserted through the reference materials. The third part shall discuss in specific detail how all women are oppressed, once again through the reading materials. The fourth part is the epilogue, which shall present the conclusion and personal thoughts of the writer of this Paper. II. The New Face of Oppression Oppression presupposes two parties, one is the oppressor and the other is the object of the oppression, or oppressee, so to speak. During the first wave it is quite apparent that the oppressor is the patriarchal and machismo characteristic of society, or men in short, and the object of the oppression are women. In the second wave, one wonders how Hooks made this assertion given the fact that the men and women dichotomy and oppression were no longer as manifest. The answer is simple, while the first wave may have achieved equal rights and opportunities for women and men, there is still oppression. It is only that the faces of the oppressor and the oppressee have changed. With the second wave, other women became the oppressors. According to most critics, this was an inevitable consequence of setting equality with males as the primary goal of feminism (Jhappan, 1996, p. 25). Jhappan expounds: [i]n reality, the positions of power and privileges enjoyed by white men have only been made possible by racism and sexism, they require hierarchy, skewed power relations, inequality and the subjugation of the majority (white women and people of colour). It seems to me that white women’s â€Å"equality† with white men would only be possible of the race hierarchy were kept substantially intact since the privileges that white men enjoy depend upon a racially satisfied social system (p. 25). Simply, this means that with the goal of equality with men, women aimed for an equally oppressing position, where they are now the oppressors. While men were no longer tagged as the oppressors of all women, within the circle of women rose other oppressors in the face of fellow women who are of a different color. This is what Angela P. Harrris discusses in her article, in relation to what Catharine MacKinnon discusses in hers. Generally, the idea of the latter is that there is a universal concept of a woman so to speak. This universal concept of a woman is what was oppressed by society through male domination and supremacy before. For MacKinnon, there is just one experience, culture, heritage, needs for all women, thus, their needs are all alike. As most feminists then were white women, most of what was pushed for were for the needs of the white women. This is also known as the notion of a monolithic women experience (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Through this gender essentialism and worse, racial essentialism was likewise furthered (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Thus according to Harris, they reduce the lives of people who experience multiple forms of oppression to additional problems: â€Å"racism + sexism = straight black woman’s experience† or â€Å"racism + sexism + homophobia = black lesbian experience. † Thus, in an essentialist world, black women’s experience is always forcibly fragmented before being subjected to analysis, as those who are â€Å"only interested in race† and those who are â€Å"only interested in gender† take their separate slices of our lives (p. 384). An example for Harris is what MacKinnon does when she reduces Black women to just worse forms of white women, and not as a separate and diverse woman apart from the white woman, but not an aggravation. MacKinnon imparts: [b]lack is not merely a color of skin pigmentation, but a heritage, an experience, a cultural and personal identity, the meaning of which becomes specifically†¦ and glorious and/or ordinary under specific social conditions. It is as much socially created as, and at least in the American context no less specifically meaningful or defective than any linguistic, tribal, or religious ethnicity, all of whom are conventionally recognized by capitalization. While women on paper, were liberated from their reification, what happened really was that white women were liberated from reification. White women were no longer considered as objects —they became subjects. Black women, though they were women but because they were black, were not similarly liberated. This is because [w]hite feminists have exposed male essentialism only to replace it with another essentialism based on the notion of an essential woman. However, as it turns out, this generic â€Å"woman† is not only white, but middle class, and also able-bodied†¦Over the last couple of decades people of color have highlighted the silences of racists Eurocentric history and discourses which render all â€Å"others† invisible (Jhappan, 1996, p. 22). By virtue of the monolithic experience of women, women who did not fit the mold of the monolithic experience were oppressed in the sense that they were left with no choice. The choice was already made for them by the systems that were built in place respecting such monolithic experience. They were left with no choices as their needs were not addressed. The needs that were addressed were the needs of those who fit the monolithic experience of women. III. The Specific Instances of Oppression The specific instances of oppression that are discussed in the reference materials are enumerated below. a. Oppression in Relation to the Family Through the idea of the family wage, women were oppressed with the fact that they were made dependent on the wage of their husbands. They were made dependent with the notion that â€Å"a working man should earn enough to support his family† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237), and consequently, the place of the woman or the wife is at home (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237). As the husband already earns enough to support the family, there is no more need for the woman to earn and augment the budget for the family. Thus, she is tasked by society to stay at home and address the needs of her family members. Such admittedly, does not require professional and personal growth. Thus, while the members of the family pursue different goals in their lives, the woman is stuck at home looking after the family members, sending them off to reach their dreams, while she stays in her place. In addition, if and when a woman earns, she is given minimum wage. The notion of minimum wage was put in place to accommodate individuals who were single and who did not have dependents to support (Gavigan, 1996, p. 238). In this wise, women were oppressed with the fact that when they earn, what they earn is not even enough to provide for their dependents, if any. b. Oppression under the Law Under the law, heterosexual relationships are afforded more advantages and privileges, in terms of â€Å"tax benefits, standing to recover damages for certain torts committed against spouses, and rights to succession and insurance benefits† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 263). The same are not afforded to homosexual relationships; thus women are oppressed. Oppression of women under the law is manifested explicitly in Welfare Law. When women seek assistance under the welfare law, especially the solo parents, they have a hard time obtaining the assistance that the law provides because of the very stiff and stringent definition of â€Å"spouse† under the laws such as the Family Law Act, RSO 1990 and Canada Pension Plan Act : â€Å"spouse† means either of a man and a woman who (a) are married to each other or (b) have together entered into, a marriage that is voidable or void, in good faith on the part of the person asserting a right under the Act x x x â€Å"spouses† means a spouse as defined in subsection 1 (1), and in addition includes either of a man and woman who are not married to each other and have cohabited (a) continuously or (b) in relationship of some permanence, if they are natural or adoptive parents if a child x x x â€Å"spouses: in relation to a contributor means’ (i) if there is no person described in subparagraph (ii), a person who is married to the contributor at the relevant time or (ii) a person of the opposite sex who is cohabiting with the contributor in a conjugal relationship at the relevant time, having so cohabited with the contributor for a continuous period of at least one year (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266) When solo parents seek social welfare assistance, there were always resort to the courts in order to determine whether or not a particular relationship was sufficiently conjugal to warrant the characteristic as spousal and consequently to warrant the benefits provided by the social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266). Also, the definition of the term â€Å"spouse† was too technical such that even in heterosexual relationships, there were always doubt as to whether a relationship is sufficiently conjugal to warrant the benefits granted by social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 267). An example of the ill-effect of this law is the requirement that the spouse who should support the spouse (wife) and the children, must not live in a certain proximity; otherwise the latter cannot receive the benefits under the Welfare Law (Gavigan, 1996, p. 269). c. Oppression by Virtue of Race or Color This form was already discussed in part two. However, in addition Jhappan tells us that for colored women, race rather gender has been the primary source of oppression. †¦while white feminists have theorized the male breadwinner dependent-female, post-Industrial Revolution family form of the West as a source of women’s oppression, different family forms persist in other culture even among those living in the diasporas, For many women of colour, in fact, state actions such as iimmigration and labour policies that have separated and distorted families have oppressed them more than gender relations (p. 23). d. Oppression of Oneself by Oneself Women also admit that in and by themselves, they are oppressed. As there are women who are of different cultures, there are certain aspects of their identity that is rejected by another aspect, but which they ultimately have to deal with. For instance a woman who has both black and Caucasian heritage, the black heritage forsakes slavery while the Caucasian heritage promoted the same. There may be instances in the life of such person when decisions have to be made favoring one aspect over the other, and in such instance, the woman is the oppressor of her own self as she is left with no choice but to decide in such manner, although contrary to an aspect of her identity. IV. Epilogue Delmar has pointed out that the problem of oppression within the circle of feminism is rooted on the fact that the very definition of feminism is monolithic and abstracted. The very definition of feminism forgets or averts from the reality that there exists a multiple consciousness of women. With the realization that a multiple consciousness of women exists, then there may be the realization that there are various facets of oppression. Consequently, solutions may be afforded to these various facets in order to abolish, if not minimize the same. This is why at the beginning of this Paper a quote from Margaret Mead was stated. â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † With the realization that women are rich in culture, in contrasting values, then we can realize that there is a whole gamut of potentialities. With such variety, a less arbitrary social fabric may be established, and through such less arbitrary social fabric, each and every individual may find his or her own place without necessarily fitting into a monolithic mold. References Delmar, Rosalind. (2005). What is Feminism? Feminist Theory: A reader, 27-36. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gavigan, Shelley. (1996). Familial Ideology the Limits of Difference. Women and Canadian Public Policy, 225-78. Toronto: Harcourt Brace. Harris, Angela. (2002). Race and Essentialism in Legal Theory. Women, Law and Social Change, 4th ed. , 383-92. Concord, ON: Captus Press. Jhappan, Raddha. (1996). Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship. Studies in Political Economy 51:15-58. MacKinnon, Catharine. (1987). Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 32-45, 240-45. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Privatizing the Public Sphere Essay -- Industrialization Fragmentation

Privatizing the Public Sphere The privatization and fragmentation of space in post-industrial urban America is a widespread social problem. As society becomes even more globalized as a result of technological advances, the rampant spread of a privatized public realm is ever-increasing. Public space is needed as a center in which to bring people together to share a common place. It is within public spaces that public life unfolds and without public spaces such as parks, streets, and buildings, the mixing of classes will become increasingly uncommon. Society is made up of two sectors: the private and public, and it is essential that both remain separate entities. However, through the use of fear tactics especially the threat of violent crimes, privatized settings are spreading throughout the public sphere. In this analysis, it is my intent to explore the various tactics being used to impede upon the public sphere. In doing so, I will explore the causal factors that contribute to the increased privatization of urban public life. Historically, the city was an all-encompassing entity. At the dawn of industrialization, large masses of people flocked to the city in hopes of a better economic life for themselves and their families. It was within the city limits, particularly closest to the areas of commerce and exchange that people took up residence, worked, and pursued various social activities. The city served the needs of all its citizens. However, as industrialization moved further along, there was a major shift in urban economics. While many businesses flourished, so did wealth and as this increased, society faced an evolving class system. Three notable classes emerged: the lower/working class, the middle class, and the upper/elite class. While these class divisions grew, a large amount of money was being invested in the creation of public venues. Public institutions were designed to bring education, culture, and in many ways, a sense of community to modern city life. A public park or library was a plac e that people of various classes could come together and share space. However, by the end of the Twentieth century and into the Twenty-First, true public space is becoming almost extinct, as is the middle class. Privatized public space has become the new trend across many American cities. There are many interrelated factors that contribut... ...for the poor into the public realm. The decline of a middle class is affecting the structure of society because cities and public venues were once designed to serve the middle class. However, without such a class, cities are now being designed to service an elite class and it is this class that has the power and control over public life. With the widening division between classes, services to the non-elite members of society will continue to diminish. The importance of public space and life is an important aspect of any given society. Without such spaces, society will continue to be dived among class lines. When a certain group of people hold power and it’s all about power and control, there will always be those that are excluded and denied access to the public sphere. As long as imaginary and irrational fears are instilled into the private lives of the public, society will continue to build fortress around its buildings and to use surveillance cameras outside the doors. Public space is a right to all citizens and due to fear of the unknown; it is diminishing right before our eyes. In this day and age, to be an American means to always be under the watchful eye of another. Privatizing the Public Sphere Essay -- Industrialization Fragmentation Privatizing the Public Sphere The privatization and fragmentation of space in post-industrial urban America is a widespread social problem. As society becomes even more globalized as a result of technological advances, the rampant spread of a privatized public realm is ever-increasing. Public space is needed as a center in which to bring people together to share a common place. It is within public spaces that public life unfolds and without public spaces such as parks, streets, and buildings, the mixing of classes will become increasingly uncommon. Society is made up of two sectors: the private and public, and it is essential that both remain separate entities. However, through the use of fear tactics especially the threat of violent crimes, privatized settings are spreading throughout the public sphere. In this analysis, it is my intent to explore the various tactics being used to impede upon the public sphere. In doing so, I will explore the causal factors that contribute to the increased privatization of urban public life. Historically, the city was an all-encompassing entity. At the dawn of industrialization, large masses of people flocked to the city in hopes of a better economic life for themselves and their families. It was within the city limits, particularly closest to the areas of commerce and exchange that people took up residence, worked, and pursued various social activities. The city served the needs of all its citizens. However, as industrialization moved further along, there was a major shift in urban economics. While many businesses flourished, so did wealth and as this increased, society faced an evolving class system. Three notable classes emerged: the lower/working class, the middle class, and the upper/elite class. While these class divisions grew, a large amount of money was being invested in the creation of public venues. Public institutions were designed to bring education, culture, and in many ways, a sense of community to modern city life. A public park or library was a plac e that people of various classes could come together and share space. However, by the end of the Twentieth century and into the Twenty-First, true public space is becoming almost extinct, as is the middle class. Privatized public space has become the new trend across many American cities. There are many interrelated factors that contribut... ...for the poor into the public realm. The decline of a middle class is affecting the structure of society because cities and public venues were once designed to serve the middle class. However, without such a class, cities are now being designed to service an elite class and it is this class that has the power and control over public life. With the widening division between classes, services to the non-elite members of society will continue to diminish. The importance of public space and life is an important aspect of any given society. Without such spaces, society will continue to be dived among class lines. When a certain group of people hold power and it’s all about power and control, there will always be those that are excluded and denied access to the public sphere. As long as imaginary and irrational fears are instilled into the private lives of the public, society will continue to build fortress around its buildings and to use surveillance cameras outside the doors. Public space is a right to all citizens and due to fear of the unknown; it is diminishing right before our eyes. In this day and age, to be an American means to always be under the watchful eye of another.

Research Papers

E. W. Clay’s Life in Philadelphia Series During the 1830’s, among the antislavery protest, freeborn blacks of Philadelphia represented the wealthiest and most educated group of African Americans in the country. They established their own schools, churches, and even a social order. Associated to the cultural and social economic status, African American clubwomen of Philadelphia were greatly ridiculed in racially prejudiced cartoons such as E. W. Clay’s popular â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† series. E. W.Clay was inspired to make these series by George and Robert Cruikshank who had published a â€Å"Life in London† series. His late 1820s feature series â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† fight with who African Americans could be in the social world; a world that relied on race and slavery as powerful signs of inequity. His response was brutally racist: in Philadelphia, those African Americans who took on the frills of urban life were strained and out of p lace. Clay’s analysis came in the form of fourteen engraved plates, a series that was one part observation, one part artistry, and one part imagination.Clay’s series presented American spectators a cruel portrayal of black figures that offered an exaggeration in overdressed clothing and proportions, awkward poses, and thus failed to measure up to the demands of freedom and citizenship. In Clay’s cartoons, not only was their style being ridicule but their language as well. In his 1828 â€Å"Is Miss Dina at home? † cartoon he mocks the person by declaring that an African American with a business card is simply a laughable concept. Blackness, as illustrated by Clay, provided his free black subjects mistaken aspirants, were always controlled by incomparable distinction.Clay’s varieties of drawings were inspired by the way some of the African American women had started to carry themselves out. They added a touch of certain things, that perhaps were not permissible by their society, and it made them give the impression trying to be different. They might have imitated their middle-class etiquette and their ways of life, but they always overreached, or as one of Clay’s characters put it, â€Å"aspire too much†. This series of cartoons were an observation that everything they did was taken as a joke.Clay was not the only American caricaturist active during the Jacksonian era, but he was the first American artist to specialize in political caricature. His work was pointed towards African Americans; therefore in the south it was pointless for southern whites to purchase these images. The south already had slavery and was establishing social perimeters. Nevertheless, many people still bought his cartoons. The early success of Clay’s images is example to his ability to tap into the nations fears and appeal with the dilemma on slavery and in abolition.His â€Å"Life in Philadelphia† etchings mocked the fancy dre sses, their manners, and dialects of Philadelphians, white and black. Today these images are often used as basic examples of discrimination against blacks. However, an inspection shows humorous, theatrical pictorial satire, grounded in Philadelphia culture just before the rise of the Abolition Movement. Clay’s work shows that he reserved that right to comment on events and personalities regardless of political affiliation as well as the right to change his mind on issues. Although Clay’s point of view varies from topic to topic, he did not always follow a party line in his caricatures.

Aeschylus Agamemnon Plot Summary

Aeschylus Agamemnon was originally performed at the City Dionysia of 458 B.C.  as the first tragedy in the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays. Aeschylus won 1st prize for his tetralogy (the trilogy and a satyr play). Overview Agamemnon, leader of the Greek forces in the Trojan War, has returned after 10 years. He arrives with Cassandra in tow. There is controversy about  the performance dates for the Greek tragedies  and the  components of Greek tragedy. Structure The divisions of ancient plays were marked by interludes of choral odes. For this reason, the first song of the chorus is called the parodos (or eisodos because the chorus enters at this time), although the subsequent ones are called stasima, standing songs. The episodes, like acts, follow the parados and stasima. The exodus is the final, leaving-the-stage choral ode. Prologue 1-39Parados 40-2631st Episode 264-3541st Stasimon 355-4882nd Episode 489-6802nd Stasimon 681-8093rd Episode 810-9753rd Stasimon 976-10344th Episode 1035-1071Kommos 1072-13304th Stasimon 1331-13425th Episode 1343-1447Exodus 1448-1673(Line numbers from Robin Mitchell-Boyak with consultation from  The Structure of Aeschylus Agamemnon  by Dr Janice Siegel) Setting In front of the royal palace of Agamemnon at Argos. Characters of  Agamemnon AgamemnonAegisthusClytemnestraCassandraHeraldWatchmanChorus of Argive Elders Prologue (Watchman) enters. Sees  the Greeks have taken Troy. exit. Parodos (The chorus of Argive elders) Summarizes the war to get back Helen, Agamemnons sister-in-law. They are suspicious of what Agamemnons wife, Clytemnestra, is up to. They describe the injustice done to Clytemnestra by her husband. Clytemnestra enters. First Episode (Chorus Leader and Clytemnestra ) The chorus learns from the queen that the Greeks are back from Troy, but they dont believe her until she explains the beacon relay that provided her with the news, then the chorus gets set to offer prayers and thanksgiving. Clytemnestra exits. First Stasimon (The chorus) Says that Zeus is the god of guests and hosts and disapproves of breaking the bonds, as Paris did. The families suffer and begrudge their losses when their men follow Agamemnon to war to avenge Paris theft. Too much glory brings an inevitable fall. Second Episode (Chorus and the Herald) The Herald asks the gods to welcome back those who have survived the 10-year war, and especially Agamemnon who destroyed their land and the altars to their gods. The chorus says it has been anxious for the return. Clytemnestra enters. She says she already knew it was time to rejoice and asks that the message is brought to her husband that she has remained faithful and loyal. Clytemnestra exits. The herald doesnt know any better than to believe Clytemnestra. The chorus wants to know whether Menelaus suffered any mishaps, which he and other Achaeans have, but the herald says its a day for rejoicing. The Herald exits. Second Stasimon (The chorus) The chorus takes Helen to task. It also blames an evil/proud family for producing future generations of ill-doers. Agamemnon and Cassandra enter. The chorus greets their king. Third Episode (Chorus and Agamemnon, with Cassandra) The king greets the city and says he will now go to his wife. Clytemnestra enters. Clytemnestra explains how awful it is to be the wife of a man away at war. She addresses her attendants to fete her husband and strew his path with a royal cloth. Agamemnon doesnt want to make a feminine entrance or one more suited to the gods. Clytemnestra persuades him to step on the royal cloth, anyway. He asks her to receive the war prize that is Cassandra with kindness. Clytemnestra then asks Zeus to work his will. Clytemnestra and Agamemnon exit. Third Stasimon (The chorus, with Cassandra) The chorus senses doom. Fate doesnt forget blood guilt. Fourth Episode (The Chorus, with Cassandra) Clytemnestra enters. Clytemnestra tells (silent) Cassandra to go inside. The Chorus tells her to do so, too. Kommos (Cassandra and Chorus) Cassandra is distraught and invokes the god Apollo. The chorus doesnt understand, so Cassandra tells the future or the present that Clytemnestra is slaying her husband, and tells the past that the house has a lot of blood guilt. She tells of how Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy but then cursed her. She knows she will be killed, but still enters the house. Cassandra exits. Fourth Stasimon (The Chorus) The chorus describes the multi-generational blood-guilt of the House of Atreus and hears shrieking from within the palace. Fifth Episode (The Chorus) Agamemnon is heard to cry out that he has been struck a mortal blow, and cries out again about a second. The Chorus discusses what to do. They look around. Clytemnestra enters. She says she lied for good reason before. She is proud that she killed Agamemnon. The Chorus wonders if she has become maddened by some type of potion and says shell be exiled. She says they should have exiled him when he sacrificed his own child. She says Aegisthus is beside her and that they slew Cassandra, Agamemnons concubine. Exodos (The Chorus and Clytemnestra) They take to task the two women who have caused such turmoil, Clytemnestra, for killing their guardian, the king, and her sister Helen. Clytemnestra reminds them it wasnt Helen who killed the warriors. The Chorus warns that there will be further evil. Aegisthus enters. Aegisthus explains his part of the vengeance cycle, that Agamemnons father had served Aegisthus father his sons as a feast. These were Aegisthus brothers. Aegisthus says he can die now that he has obtained revenge. The Chorus says they will stone him, ignoring the presence of his retainers. Aegisthus says he will use the late kings gold to control the people of Argos. Clytemnestra tells them to cool down. The Chorus and Aegisthus do so but continue to taunt each other, the Chorus saying that Fates willing, Orestes will return home soon. The End Sections of the Tragedy in Popular Translations Lattimores Chicago Translation Robert Fagles translation Prologue: 1-39Parodos: 40-257Episode I: 258-354Stasimon I: 355-474Episode II: 475-680Stasimon II: 681-781Episode III: 767-974Stasimon III: 975-1034Episode IV: 1035-1068Epirrhematic: 1069-1177Episode V: 1178-1447Epirrhematic: 1448-1576Episode VI: 1577-1673 Prologue 1-43.Parodos: 44-258.Episode I: 258-356.Stasimon I: 356-492.Episode II: 493-682.Stasimon II: 683-794.Episode III: 795-976.Stasimon III: 977-1031.Episode IV: 1032-1068.Kommos: 1069-1354.Stasimon IV: 1355-1368.Episode V: 1369-1475.Exodos: 1476-1708.