Ethnographic Essay - 2088 Words

The problem of gaining access can provide important insights into the nature and organization of the social setting under study. In what ways can issues influence the outcome of ethnographic research? What strategies can researchers adopt to overcome obstacles to access? ‘Ethnography is branch of anthropology which has aided social researchers in the quest for a deeper understanding of different societies, social groups or cultures’ (Hammersely, 1995p365). The purpose this essay is to gain an insight into the problems that researchers encounter when the try to gain access to certain fields they wish to investigate. There are many obstacles associated with this research approach and invariably can impact on the outcome of the†¦show more content†¦Once you have gained their trust and an effective rapport with the interviewee has been established, expressing your personal attitudes, revulsion or disgust at their opinions will only jeopardize the purpose of the interview. â€Å"The right man for the right job† is also a key factor. When dealing with sensitive issues for example like abortion and women’s views on it, a female researcher would make the interviewees more at ease and more likely to give an honest respo nse. Likewise when interviewing men and their bedroom antics, men would feel more at ease speaking to another male. A famous character constructed in traditional ethnographies is that of the â€Å"gate keeper†. This is usually a person who opens the field for the researcher, introduces them to the tribe or community They serve as mediator between group and the ethnographer, They will carefully step by step make the researcher familiar with the new environment. ‘To contact, meet, build rapport with, and interview a dealer, ethnographers need to be â€Å"properly introduced† by a â€Å"trusted associate† who functions as a go between A â€Å"trusted associate† is personally known by and has good relations with the potential subject,’ (Qualitive research 1999) The first step is to take the mystery out of the ethnographer s role. Gaining access to a social group through a sponsor or gatekeeper is a great strategy method in order to overcome obstacles in the ethnographic research field. As it is oftenShow MoreRelatedEssay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text5376 Words   |  22 Pages Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text Anthropology 575 Postmodernism nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the late 1960’s the social sciences (mainly anthropology and sociology) entered a crisis period in which traditional ways of conducting the study of the Other were re-examined in the context of their association with dominance-submission hierarchies and the objectification of the subjects of study. There was seen to be an association between WesternRead MoreEthnographic Research Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages Ethnographic research is the scientific description of specific human cultures, foreign to the ethnographer. Each ethnographer has his or her own way of conducting research and all of these different ideas can be transmitted and understood in a number of different ways. Because there is no one set idea of how an ethnographer should go about his or her research, conflicts arise. In Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco, Paul Rabinow uses a story like process to discuss his experiences during his researchRead More Ethnographic study at McDonalds Essay2112 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay focuses on the topic of globalization, taking along several other factors with it. Increasingly in the world, it becomes obvious that the globalization is affecting almost all the businesses of the world. Every market in some way or the other is following the principles of globalization. For example, McDonalds is a chain of restaurants working in collaboration to deliver their customers with the best product and to achieve this McDonalds follows the concepts of globalization. This essayRead MoreEthnographic Observation Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesName Date Ethnographic Observation I set out to find a place to begin my observations, not knowing what to fully expect, what I may find. So I decided to look around at what is close to my home that isn’t a place I frequent or have even visited at all. Then it came to me, the Starbucks that is only about a mile away is a perfect place for me to observe subjects that I would consider different from myself, seeing as how I consider such obscene prices for coffee ridiculous. Starbucks is a veryRead MoreEthnographic Experience with Chinese Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesEthnographic Experience Introduction Chinese families are highly misunderstood and stereotyped in the United States. It is important to understand a different culture before one makes the assumptions produced by these stereotypes. 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Aaron Fox’s ethnographic language in his study of the sociomusical lives of Lockhart’s workingRead MoreEthnographic Essay: The Boston Common Park 1033 Words   |  5 Pagesvenue with people coming from diverse backgrounds being present at the venue. This event provided the perfect scene for identifying various ethnographic phenomena. Observation and Analysis The Boston Common Park is a place where people come to visit and hold events. The number of people visiting this region is high and thus provides a wide range of ethnographic phenomena, which is worth exploring. My visit to the Boston Common Park over the weekend was colorful. A considerable section of the park

Human Activity And Its Impact On Business Operations

â€Å"Accounting is said to be as old as any organized human activity. Dating back to Babylon and Humaraby’s book of law, over Greece and Rome and further on through history, there has always been a need to record events referring to purchase and sale, payment and collection. Such recording originally generated bookkeeping, which at the level of development of production forces was primarily in function of trade and banking. Its further development was according to changes in organization of business activity (Andrijasevic, n.d.).† According to Novicevic and Antic (1999), â€Å"until the 70s enterprises in West countries carried out their business in protected competitive conditions.† However, in today’s global economy, markets have become universal, with organizations viewing the world as a platform for carrying out their diverse trades’. To compete successfully in the global market, organizations/ businesses need to prioritize customer satisfactio n parameters during business operations. To achieve this, they must concentrate on key success factors such as; costs efficiency, quality, cycle time, and innovativeness. â€Å"Quality has become one of the key competitive variables generating the need for evaluation of spending resources needed for the given level of quality by which the company can expect and achieve competitive advantage on the market (Gajic, 2005).† The improvement of quality requires the engagement of each player in the business arena, from the senior management to theShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. 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Political, Economical, Social Effects of Globalization Free Essays

string(130) " is therefore clear that globalization only benefits developed countries more while leaving developing countries with less gains\." Globalization has been the main theme of most news articles, magazines and even to most policies that exist in many countries around the globe today. Globalization transforms various things and ideas in order to come up with a new set of products and services that will meet the present demand of the market. With the increasing knowledge of many scholars regarding the effects of globalization to political, social, and economic status of different nations across the globe, it would be extraordinary on observing how people from different walks of life react to the benefits and loses that globalization has been offering to the international community. We will write a custom essay sample on Political, Economical, Social Effects of Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though, many still believes that there are far more losers than gainers with the existence of globalization in the international community, the fact that the said global phenomenon continuous to become prevalent even to the developing countries nowadays serves as the evidence that globalization is indeed having enough influence to penetrate even the most conservative countries with respect to embracing global changes and pressures. Globalization has profound both negative and positive effects to the field of politics, society, and economics and since these three fields signifies the entire sectors of a nation/country it would be necessary and beneficial for a given government to determine the effects of globalization on their country. This global phenomenon has been the source of down turns and competitive advantages of different countries around the globe which can be seen to many developed and developing countries of different regions around the globe. With the inability to determine the kind of effect that globalization is providing into a given country, there is a great possibility that either this country would be able to fully utilize their potential gains to its optimal level or this country would just let globalization to destroy the stability of its various vital sectors. Therefore, it would be very important to pinpoint the effects of globalization to the said identified three fields above in order for a given country to determine how they will use globalization in order to attain impressive political, social, and economic stability in the present and coming years. At the end of this paper, expect a set of alternatives wherein countries can utilize globalization into their major source of competitive advantage and ways in order to protect their interest on the negative effects of globalization into the various sectors of a given country. Effects of Globalization to Political Stability Globalization has been being associated with democracy for many political analysts say that in order to attain the optimal benefits of globalization one must first embrace democracy (Hewa Stapleton 2005: 1-2). With the launching of Bush administration’s â€Å"Freedom Agenda†, which main objective is to democratically transform Arabic countries through encouraging most Arabic countries to open their market [globalization] and with the opening of their market to international trading comes democratization according to the speech made by Bush during the G8 Summit at Prague last 2007 (Burnett 2007: 1) (Yerkes 2006: 1), presently the Middle East is becoming a democratic region as many countries are starting to open their market into the international market and embrace the idealism behind globalization. In this regard, it is clear that globalization provides enough force for most of the Arabic countries like Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, and Pakistan to accept democracy and become one of the United States to promote democracy around the international community. Another effect of globalization’s rise would be the relaxation of some of the â€Å"serious† international policies of different countries to give way on the entry of globalization into their doors. Globalization has been greatly associated with international trading and most countries concentrates on regulating their trading volume with other countries for the past years. Globalization promotes free market principle wherein there would be as much as possible less government interference that will happen in the market and this can only be achieved through the relaxation of some of the current government policies that impedes the existence of free market system in the international market. At the end of the day, by the time those â€Å"serious† government policies pertaining to international trading is already relaxed, then that is the only time wherein gains from globalization can be realized. The only thing that makes this scenario negative to some countries is that only the developed countries receives the highest benefits from the relaxation of government policies of the trading countries while developing countries are being left with fewer gains relative to the developed countries. This is the main reason why many are opposing to globalization since they believe that this will only make rich countries richer while poor countries poorer considering that most of the benefits will still fall under the sides of rich/developed countries in the international market. Furthermore, globalization is said to be deteriorating the autonomy of many countries around the globe as pressures coming from the external market continues to leave no room for less influential countries to oppose the demands of developed countries when it comes to shaping the formers international trading policies (Sarget 2003: 3) (Held McGrew 2000: 13). Like for instance, the United States, for many years, has been keeping its hands to the policy making decisions of most developing countries like the Philippines which at first seems beneficial to both countries. But through close analysis one can see clearly that United States already stands into the sovereignty of the Philippines while at the same time receives most of the benefits from the said trading partnership. In this regard, globalization serves as a tool in order for developed countries to easily hold on and gets into the sovereignty of developing countries like for the case of the Philippines wherein they left with no choice but grant the demands of the United States in exchange for a small amount of gain even if it will cost their sovereignty or autonomy. Based from the identified effects of globalization above, it is therefore clear that globalization only benefits developed countries more while leaving developing countries with less gains. You read "Political, Economical, Social Effects of Globalization" in category "Papers" Both developed and developing countries gain from the advent of globalization although it also led for the developed countries to get into the way of developing countries and become more powerful in the international community compared. Effects of Globalization to Social Stability. It was identified above that only the developed countries benefits more from the advent of globalization in the international community as compared to the developing countries. In response to this inequality, various groups, organizations of the society have been organizing mass demonstrations in order to condemn the said inequality when it comes to the distribution of gains from the advent of globalization plus the interference of most developed countries to the sovereignty of many developing countries. Pro and anti-globalization groups have been on conflict which created various social conflicts between both parties. It has been identified that the rise of globalization led for many countries to suffer from the lose of nationhood as many of its sector starts experiencing instability like geographical political instability, rise of â€Å"trans-border† ethnic and religious identities to name a few. With this differences, political instability and conflict of various communities and civic groups within and outside the territorial boundaries of many countries around the globe caused by globalization was identified as one of the many reasons why cold war exists between many countries nowadays and from the past and one possible example to this would be the cold war between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union. The big question now would be if whether democracy, which is caused by globalization, could solve the internal stability that reigns on many countries nowadays (Raghavan 1997: 1). Another social effect of globalization would be the down turn of the labor union in many countries like the case of the United States. During the 1970s when the presence of globalization starts to exist in the market system of United States, there was a pressure for the economy of the United States to recover after World War II thereby leading for the rise of the private sector and rise of the free market system on the domestic market of United States. In this regard, most of the federal laws and regulations supported the interest of private sector leaving labor union with less bargaining power and support from the government in the form of government policies. Labor union membership in the United States during that time starts to deteriorate as the working class begins to lose their trust regarding the power of labor unions to protect the interest of its members. Actually, it was not only the membership of labor union that was affected, even the number of labor union on the domestic market of United States begins to decline resulting to rampant injustices coming from the members of the private sector (DeLong 1999: 1). Wages of the workers were cut at least twice a year plus different kinds of harassment were just some of the injustices that American workers experienced with the birth of globalization in United States. Countless mass demonstrations were held by the remaining labor unions during that time in order to show their opposition on the rise of private sectors power backed up by government policies due to globalization. It took years before this social conflict between the private sector and labor union community to settle down by the time the federal government starts shifting their support from the private sector going to the labor union during the early 1990’s (Rodrick 1997: 4-5). Therefore, globalization does not only disrupt the sovereignty of many nations, but also provides internal instabilities even on developed countries like the case of United States which causes social conflicts between different social class, civic groups to name a few. Effects of Globalization to Economic Stability Despite of the fact that globalization only led developing countries to lose their grip on their autonomy/sovereignty, globalization still provide enough room for the improvement of their economic growth (Hoang Liao 2002: 2). Globalization, as what have already discussed earlier, provides an avenue towards the attainment of greater gains from international trading. International trading has been the main source of wealth and influences of many countries in the international community since the higher a country’s role on the international market, the greater is the probability that it can influence the supply or prices of goods in the global market. Globalization provides enough avenue towards the influx of foreign investment from developed to developing countries which offers additional job opportunities to the workers of the latter while giving competitive advantages to the former. In this regard, both of the trading countries benefits from this kind of market set up. With the improvement of number of job opportunities for developing countries, households will now receive higher income, and with higher household income comes higher domestic activities awaits local investors (Goldberg Pavcnik 2006: 1). In the end, developing countries become self sustainable by using the foreign investments in order to improve the welfare condition of every households of a given country plus their trade balance which is one of the main economic indicator of how well a country is performing in the international market. Look at the case of China, with its cheap and abundant supply of laborers for many multinational companies from different countries have given the said country impressive economic growth for the past years during the time globalization forced many multinational companies to operate internationally and outsourced some of their products to other countries (Hoang Liao 2002: 18-19). With this, China presently becomes one of the top performing countries around the globe in terms of volume of exports plus large foreign reserves generated from their surpluses from their trade balance. Many countries are becoming dependent on the products and laborers of China such as the United States despite of the fact that the former is still being considered by many countries as a developing one. Furthermore, globalization provides enough pressure for different industries of various countries to become innovative in developing new products to supply the growing needs of man kind. The development of new product provides competitive advantage for a given country since the latter can monopolize the production of that particular product which in the end would grant the country on issue higher income and influence in the international market. For instance, the innovations of Microsoft on its software in the market provides enough room for the United States to have more influence in the international market since they have the competitive advantage in producing software for personal computers present in the market. Globalization dictated to many consumers in the international market that computers nowadays are already necessity and one must have a personal computer with software from Microsoft. With this booming demand for Microsoft’s software, United States starts experiencing improvement on their income, trade balance and bargaining power with other countries. In other words, through globalization, the booming of the IT industry in the United States would not be as high as it is today and the federal government will not be able to charge Microsoft with higher tax if the latter’s products did not successfully penetrated its target market. At the end of the day, it is therefore clear that globalization serves as a tool in order for both developing and developed countries to mutually gain from its existence in the global community through the improvement of country’s trade balance, job opportunities, per capita income and domestic consumption. Effects of Globalization on Technology Technology serves as the main driving forces of many globalization processes especially in the field of international trading. Many countries spent billions of dollars just to invest on technologically advanced machineries and equipment that will further increase their production level and efficiency (Rand. org 2008: 1). Technology, aside from capital and labor, is among the main factors of production in today’s market system as well as the source of competitive advantages of many countries in overcutting the performance of their competitors in the international market. The know-how of technology of a given country could contribute for the attainment of impressive growth like for the case of Japan who presently leads the production of various lines of appliances, automobiles, mobile phones to name a few. Japan has been known for its ability to surpass the technology of many top nations in the international market. Despite the fact that it is still being considered among the developing countries, still, Japan has been able to compete at par with top developed countries like United States, United Kingdom to name a few. In this regard, considering the case of Japan, it is therefore clear that globalization has been forcing the development of technology beyond its limits in order to suffice the growing needs and demand of the international community when it comes to machineries and gadgets that would make their everyday living easier and more comfortable. Effects of Globalization on Culture. With the increasing integration and linkages/connectivity between various region and countries of the international community, there has been a transfer of cultural influences between those countries that interact with one another (Tomlinson 2006: 2-3). Like for instance, with the improvement of the trading condition between the Philippines and United States, the former starts to imitate Western style of living after becoming familiar with the customers, preferences, tastes, and behavior of American through the transfer of products between the ports of the said two countries. Asians has been known for their ability to imitate Western style of living through consuming imported products from western countries. With globalization, the entry of western products will now be much greater as compared before leading for countries in Asia to become more familiar and exposed to western products. At the end of the day, the transfer of customs, style of living, and product preferences will serve as the main tool of globalization to culturally link different countries. By exposing each trading country’s product to one another would provide enough roads for one country to influence one another like for the case of United States and Asian countries like the Philippines and Japan. Conclusion Though globalization has negative effects being imposed to both developing and developed countries, at the end of the day when we add all of the benefits and loses caused by globalization, the result would provide a positive answer; meaning the global community did gain from the advent of globalization in the international market. As for the developing countries, they must tried to find other ways in order to attract more foreign investment without sacrificing their sovereignty like providing incentives instead of restructuring their current policies based from the demands of developed countries. On the other hand, developed countries must watch out for the internal conflicts that globalization might bring into their territory as different social class fight and struggle with one another for dominancy. How to cite Political, Economical, Social Effects of Globalization, Papers

Analysis of Barclays Bank

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Barclays Bank. Answer: Introduction The Barclays Bank (BB) is an international bank which began as a small entity in London. Barclays Bank has been in operation for more than 325 years ago serving the financial sector until to date. The Bank has always been propelled by strong values alongside the eventual goal of assisting its clients as well as customers to accomplish their respective ambitions in the correct manner (Bank, 2005). The BBs innovation story began in 1690 where John Freame together with Thomas Gould commenced trading as goldsmith bankers on Lombard Street, London. Johns son-in-law, James Barclay, in 1736 joined the business christening it Barclays Bank as currently known. Barclays Bank since then has been a leader in the innovation (Joslin, 2014). History of the bank and overall performance of Barclays Bank The BB was originated in 1896. It has advanced as a British banking and trust business listed underneath the designation Barclay Company. The BB acknowledged the name in 1917. The business associated with the Provincial and South Western Bank of London in 1918 thereby becoming one of the enormous United Kingdom banks. Barclays in 1981, became the primary ever global bank to file with Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington. Accordingly, the Bank augmented its long-lasting capital in the New York market. The BB became listed in Tokyo and New York Stock Exchanges in 1986. The BB gave its international strategy to enlarge additional drift through the 1986s establishment of the innovative investment banking operation called the Barclays de Zoete Wedd (BZW). Barclays in 1995, brought San Francisco-oriented fund manager Wells Fargo Nikko Investment Advisers (Barclays Bank, 2014).). The BB acquired Woolwich which was then a leading mortgage bank as well as ex-building society in 2000. This step increased BBs geographical coverage as well as possible customer base in the year 2000. The BB together with the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) compound their respective retail, corporate as well as offshore banking operations to form the First Caribbean International Bank in 2001.BB also formed in the same year (2000) a strategic alliance with Legal General to engage in life pensions trade as well as venture commodities throughout the United Kingdom. The BB acquired a fifty percent stake in established Intelenet Global, business processing outsource supplier in 2004 from Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) which was the housing finances innovator in India. The BB sold 43.70 percent of this acquired stake in First Caribbean International to CIBC in 2006. The BB further bought a website for financial purposes called Comparetheloan that offered modest loan quotations for the United Kingdoms homeowners and non-homeowners in 2006. BB acquired the business of Goldfish credit card in 2008 from Discover Financial Services. The Bank purchased Expobank from Russias Petropavlovsk Finance. The BB was delisted in 2008 from the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The BB also acquired a palisade from Compagnie Maritime Belge (CMB) in 2008 (Cassis, 2015).). The Bank together with Goff Capital, Inc., in November 2009, managed to shape Crescent Real Estate Holding LLC to purchase Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (Crescent) from the Morgan Stanley Real Estate Funding II. The Bank announced in January 2010 that it accomplished the purchase of Standard Life Bank Plc. The BB has used the Balanced Scorecard throughout the organization and subsequently formed part of its framework through which its staff are assessed, with individual performance goals aligned to the 5Cs. In the 2016, there was a great improvement across many of its metrics, particularly our capital strengthening, as measured by the CET1 ratio, and with Colleague (Japan, 2015). The organization further requires additional work in particular areas together with ROE. The client and customer relationship metrics stayed steady as a firm performance in corporate banking, merged with enhancements in Barclays current accounts, was counterbalance by the influence of redesigning its wealth business as well as competitive challenges in Africa banking. The BBs Client Franchise Rank stayed in puzzling market conditions (Nathanson Cassano, 2012). Within Colleague, the BB has perceived development in the colleague commitment as well as the gender-assortment in their leadership, with plentiful ingenuities to encourage equally as well as support their workforce proving successful. In BBs Citizenship plan, ten out of eleven metrics on target shows that it is having a positive impact on the communities in which it operates, with lending to households the solely initiative to lose momentum primarily due to market as well as trading conditions (Williams, 2000). The BB has made great progress in the simplification of Barclays over the past few years as it re-shapes its balance sheet, strengthening its capital base, as well as costs reduction (Narteh, Owusu, 2011). The BB has undertaken this step to move even closer towards becoming a Group that can produce the returns deserved by the shareholders as well as it denotes significant progress. To complete BBs restructuring in a reasonable timeframe, as well as deliver for the BBs stakeholders that have been patient for a long time, BB should make certain definitive choices currently regarding the upcoming shape of the Company. BB should decrease its Barclays Africa Group Limiteds interest subject to regulatory as well as approvals by shareholders to a non-regulatory and non- consolidated location in the years to come. It has, however, been hard for BB to make this decision since Barclays has operated in Africa for more than a hundred years. This makes BB to have certain excellent franchises on the Africa continent that have an inordinate administration team as well as devoted colleagues. In summary the future of BB is considered to be bright. Both the Barclays UK as well as Barclays Corporate International have now produced dual digit Returns on Tangible Equity. The BB remains monetarily strong, and shall be as sisterly businesses, as well as stockholders alongside debt stockholders in Barclays shall gain from the differentiated revenue rivulets they generate. These tactical arrangements that shall carry forth the achievement of its rearrangement as well as the appearance of a more simple as well as very profitable Barclays than ever. The Barclays has completed decent progress in contradiction of the strategy apprise that was declared on 01-03-2016. This was the initial set of outcomes of BB as an intercontinental consumer, corporate as well as investment bank functioning under the BBs fresh alignment of Barclays United Kingdom as Barclays Corporate International, and these have shown that a Core business is performing well in this thought-provoking situation. The BBs Core ROTE is 9.9 percent under which Barclays United Kingdom dispatched very inspiring 20.5% yield on the palpable equity. The BB management can perceive a precise growth chances, especially in its Consumer, Cards as well as Payment business, whereby the Bank wants to endure to venture. The Corporate and Investment Banks performance remained comparatively hardy in a threatening quarter, however, there remains more that BB has to undertake to enhance revenues, and it remains attentive on the actions of management to accomplish this goal. The BB has continuously targeted the reduction of cost in the Group and hence has remained on track to accomplish its future direction for the Core business of 12.8b pound as well as its long-run objective of BBs income to cost ratio underneath sixty percent. The CET1 has ended the quarter at 11.3 percent, with a precise trail to accomplishment of BBs end state target, and hence, it is expected that capital ratio will rise via the course of the 2017 (Barclays Bank, 2014). The BBs groups return on average tangible shareholders equity (ROTE) of 3.8% (Q115:4.0%). The Core ROTE of 9.9% (Q115:7.1%). The BB attributable profit declined seven percent to 433 million dollars, leading in basic EPS of 2.7 p (Q115:2.9p). The Core attributable profit rose 53% to 950 million pounds, culminating in a basic EPS contribution of 5.8p (Q115:3.8p). The BB group profit before tax of 793 million pound (Q115:1057 million pound) reflected an eighteen percent rise in Core profit before tax to 1608 million pound, more than counterbalance by a rising Non-Core loss before tax of 815 million pound (Q115:310 million pound). Evaluate performance of the Bank on key performance indicators using last 3 years data Key performance indicators (KPIs) are the visual measures of an organizations performance. Anchored on a given considered field, the KPI is intended to assist operators assess at a glance the current value as well as status of a given metric against a definite target. The KIP also gauges the performance of the value based on the Base measure definition against a Target value, defined by the measure or by the absolute value. Profit before Tax Growth The profit before tax growth (PBT) remains a KPI of Barclays financial performance to the great percentage of the BBs shareholders. The BB has witnessed its proceeds in 2016 rise by 92.0% to 11.6 billion pound in 2016. The numeral was increased by the sale of the BGI fund supervision limb to the United States firm BlackRock in 2008. Profits were 5.6 billion pound if the above was stripped out compared to 1.6 billion pound in the year 2015, even though the figure entailed brawny write-downs (Fraser et al 2012). The sale of BGI culminated in a profit on disposal of 6.331 million pound as well as reserved 19.90% economic interest in the expanded BlackRock group. The BB profit before tax was 6,077 million pound, down fourteen percent on 2014. Profit entailed the Gains on acquisition of 2,406 million pound, alongside 2,262 million linked to Lehman Brothers North American businesses. The profit on disposal relating to shut life pledge book of 326 million pound. As reflected in the BBC Gains on Visa IPO as well as sales of shares in MasterCard of 291 million pounds Gross credit markets losses as well as impairment of 8,053 million pound. The Gains on individual credit of 1,663 million pounds. BB performed well during the 2014, despite the hard market conditions. Even though profit before tax fell one percent, profit before business disposal increase three percent (Matthews Tuke, 2013). Profitability Ration The profitability ratio is another key performance indicator that is explained in this financial analysis of Barclays. As reflected in Telegraph in 2016, Barclayss operating profit remained 22.91% which stayed highest in the past three years. Operating margin rose from 10.7% to 22.91%. Even though Barclays Interest income decreased by 24.18% to 21,236 million pound. Conversely, BB had decreased its Interest Expense to 9,318 million pound in 2016 compared to 16,541 million dollars in 2015. This was due to the customer having withdrawn substantial amounts from the bank accounts of BB. In 2016, Barclays paid 2, 712 million pounds to their respective customers as interests on deposits while in 2015, BB paid 6,697 million dollars (Irwin Scott, 2010). This implies that interest Expense gas declined higher above interest income. In 2015, operating margin stood at 10.7% that was lowermost in the past 3 years. The Operating Profit margin push downwards to 10.7% from 11.08% in 2014. This is due to operating expenses in Administration has hiked to 5,305 million pounds in 2015 but conversely income did not go up to this level. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) is another KPI discussed in this paper for the last three years. In 2016 Barclays ROCE declined from 7.84% to 12.82%. This was because the non-cash expense of Impairment Charges as well as other Credit Provisions rose substantially in 2016 to 8, 071 million compared to 5,419 million pound in 2015. Such Impairment emerges because of Barclays exposure to credit risk emerging from investments in debt securities as well as additional exposures emerging BBs trading undertakings encompassing, non-equity exchange portfolio assets, derivatives and payment balances with the respective market counterparties as well as contrary repurchase loans. This was also due to the fact that in 2016, Barclays capital rose to 58,478 million pound compared to 47,411 million pound in 2014. While the profit before tax has decreased to 4,585 million pound to 6, 077 million pound in 2015. In the year 2015, ROCE stood at 12.82% better than 2016, however, this was very poor compared to 21.79% in 2014. This was as a result of profit before tax going down 14% in 2015 compared to 2014. The Impairment charges as well as additional credit provisions of 5,419 million pound rose 94% on the previous year. These charges entailed 1,763 million pound evolving from US sub-prime mortgages as well as additional credit market acquaintances. Additional wholesale impairment charges rose substantially as corporate credit circumstances twisted abruptly inferior in the depression of economy (Bank, 2014) Commentary on BBs Performance to Improve Weaknesses Some of the weaknesses have been noted throughout the discussion that impedes the ability of the bank to perform effectively. The first weaknesses noted is the diminishing performances in Africa (Kaplan Norton, 2013). It was noted that Barclays is planning to stop its Africas presence. For example, the services offered Zimbabwe to individuals linked with Zanu PF have produced controversy as well as queries regarding Barclays ethical position whereby investors are increasingly interested in ethics (Kaplan Norton, 2013). To solve this problem, BB should have its bank branches well centralized in the respective economy where it operates like those of RBS and NatWest. This will boost its attraction to customers and thus better performance. Another weakness noted regards the large bonuses given to the directors have attracted unnecessary attention from the commentators. Accordingly, it has been speculated that the reluctance of BB to take financing from the United Kingdom government is due to that it would end BBs economy with respect to bonuses (Kaplan Norton, 2013). Another weakness noted relates to the plans to expand in Asia which were restricted when BB were outbid for the ABN Amiro in the year 2006, and alternative enlargement plans have had to embraced (Samy, Odemilin Bampton, 2010). Another weakness is that BB did not plan to make dividend payments on its shares till the second half of 2009 which made BB less attractive to investors and still struggling to regain the investors (Samy, Odemilin Bampton, 2010). Another weakness is that the BB is in the midst of time of substantial restructuring. Also, whereas the investment banking is under the reduction in comparative significance, it raises group revenue volatility as well as confidence sensitivity relative to several peers (Kaplan Norton, 2013). Another weakness relates to combination of potential litigation charges as well as other exceptional products casts a shadow over BBs already below par earnings anticipations (Matthews Tuke, 2013). Also, the negative outlook relating to the United Kingdom-oriented BB reflects standard and poor ratings services that BB can decrease its long-run contemporary credit rating. The BB can maximize on its strengths and opportunities to speak to the above identified weaknesses (Samy, Odemilin Bampton, 2010). For example, BB has a widespread worldwide presence, and this permits BB to spread risk as well as enjoy economies of scale. This will make the Barclays remain stable even amidst the challenges relating to the restructuring (Joslin, D2014). Also, BB can use its well-established brand via sponsorship of Premier League football to boost the presence and performance in Africa. BB is also specifically linked with innovation having brought out the first ever worlds credit card in 1966 (Joslin, 2014). Moreover the bank has continued to develop such cards most lately the OnePulse card combing Oyster, cashless functions as well as credit functions for the London-oriented customers (Matthews Tuke, 2013). The BB should also use its severally opened new flagship branches alongside a refurbishment of programme which will help refocus on customer needs for a firm presence on the high street (Japan, 2015). There is a need for BB group leadership team to be more customer-centered so as to reduce the increasing number of complains particularly witnessed in BBs United Kingdom retail banking which is poor customer service (Japan, 2015). The bank should also use its strong competitive advantage that is witnessed in Africa whereby it remains among the leading three banks in several African nations, including Nigeria, Zambia, Ghana and Mauritius saves to BBs merger with Absa Group Ltd in South Africa. Since BB has this sustained competitive advantage there is a need for the Bank to reconsider its decision to exit Africa and reinforce its presence in Africa (Irwin Scott, 2010). BB should also reduce the increased criticisms linked to poor earnings performance in 1st quarter accelerated by irrational executive pay packages relating to BBs capital, the investment banking unit whereby the pretax profit declined 33% in the first quarter (Fraser et al., 2012). The high rates of interest on loans as well as low rates of interest on deposits have also discouraged clients (Cassis, 2015). The bank should further reduce the interests on loans and boost interest on deposit accounts. This will attract more clients and hence improved sales of other banking products thereby creating a sustained competitive advantage for BB (Barclays Bank, 2014)). Moreover, BB can solve this problem by enhancing its global diverse services that offer the group a broad array of cross-selling opportunities (Bank, 2014). The bank should also emphasize on telephone BBs Wealth International offers secure, personal as well as private services, being the fast as well as friendly manner to speak to daily banking requests as opposed to other banks (Barclays Bank, 2014). This opportunity will give BB an added advantage thereby giving it a special attraction point. Conclusion The Barclays ROCE is falling constantly and this might culminate in investors becoming hesitant to provide upcoming capital. BB has unbalanced dividend payout ratio that illustrates that revenue production is greatly changing. In the year 2016, it has witnessed bursting profits that arose by 92 percent to 11.6 billion. BB should impose stringent rules in the credit provision services and evade undesirable promotional by creating administration suggested plus pay out scheme. BB should as well attempt and maximize the benefits of cheaper existing finance. References Bank, B. (2014). Bridging the skills gap. Barclays Bank plc, London. Barclays Bank, (2014). P. D. Branch, may only undertake the financial services activities that fall within the scope of its existing DFSA licence. Related financial. Barclays Bank, (2014). P. L. C. Q. F. C. Branch may only undertake the regulated activities that fall within the scope of its existing QFCRA licence. Principal place of. Cassis, Y. (2015). Bankers in English society in the late nineteenth century. The Economic History Review, 38(2), 210-229. Fraser, S., Storey, D., Frankish, J., Roberts, R. (2012). The relationship between training and small business performance: an analysis of the Barclays Bank Small Firms Training Loans Scheme. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 20(2), 211-233. Irwin, D., Scott, J. M. (2010). Barriers faced by SMEs in raising bank finance. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior research, 16(3), 245-259. Japan, I, (2015). Foreign exchange research reports are prepared and distributed by Barclays Bank PLC Tokyo Branch. Other research reports are distributed to. Joslin, D. M. (2014). London private bankers, 17201785. The Economic History Review, 7(2), 167-186. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2013). Linking the balanced scorecard to strategy. California management review, 39(1), 53-79. Matthews, P. W., Tuke, A. W. (2013). History of Barclays Bank Ltd. Narteh, B., Owusu-Frimpong, N. (2011). An analysis of students' knowledge and choice criteria in retail bank selection in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 29(5), 373-397. Nathanson, D. A., Cassano, J. S. (2012). Organization, diversity, and performance. Wharton Magazine, 6(4), 19-26. Samy, M., Odemilin, G., Bampton, R. (2010). Corporate social responsibility: a strategy for sustainable business success. An analysis of 20 selected British companies. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(2), 203-217.

What is the Meaning of Life Essay Example For Students

What is the Meaning of Life? Essay What is the Meaning of Life? Essay This question has puzzled the human race for about as long as it has existed. This begs the question, if no-one has thought of an answer by now, no-one including geniuses such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking, then why ask a fourteen year old boy? The answer to that is simple, I am a complete and utter genius, a super genius if you will. Of course this idea is quite laughable, and the real reason one might perhaps ask me is to evaluate my understanding of the following: Where am I going? Different philosophies of life We will write a custom essay on What is the Meaning of Life? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Why some people are religious What makes someone religious Why Catholics are religious Can a person be Christian just by being good How Catholics find meaning and purpose Vocation And so on and so on. Personally I think there is no meaning to life and life is what you make of it, but that is not the answer that is expected of me, in fact the answer expected of me is probably along the lines of this What is the meaning of life? What is the meaning of life? Everyone has wondered about the answer to this question at some point in their lives, in fact this question builds the bases of a mid-life crises. At about forty men and women start going, whats the point, who cares anymore? What IS the meaning of life? whether this is true or not I wouldnt know, never having experienced a mid-life crises myself, being, as I mentioned earlier, only fourteen. Nevertheless, it is an important question. Now before I inform you of my revised opinion of this question, lets first take a look at other peoples views. Being as there are a wide variety of people on this planet there are a wide variety of answers to this question. These range from the meaning of life is to become a {insert name of cult, religion, organisation etc here} to the meaning of life is to eat your own foot. The question then is which one is right. The answer to that question is, they all are okay, maybe not, but they are all right in the individual mind of each person who created that singular answer, this is also not true but it is a very good lie. However if you yourself have no answer to this question then you are likely to come under one of the following: Existentialist, Humanist, Materialistic, Nihilist or Religious. These are the main philosophies of life, existentialism being the a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of ones acts. Humanism being a philosophy that centres on humans and their values, capacities, and worth. Materialism being the philosophy that physical well-being and worldly possessions constitute the greatest good and highest value in life. Nihilism being the rejection of all distinctions in moral or religious value and a willingness to repudiate all previous theories of morality or religious belief. And finally religious which is having or showing belief in and reverence for God or a deity. It is of course possible to come under more of one of the above. There, you now know what you are, happy? No, of course your not, you want to know more dont you? Okay, fineWhy would someone become religious? Thats a good question. Well the answer to this for most people is surprisingly easy, because they have no choice, they where baptised before they could even talk. But what about adults who get baptised? I hear you cry, well okay, I dont because Im sure youre a) not that sad, and b) I cant hear youbut anyway, why would someone become religious of their own free will? This could happen for two reasons, okay, three: One) They suddenly decide its their vocation, their calling and go out to become religious because they feel like it, Two) They need some sort of forgiveness or absolution because theyve done something wrong, and Three) By accident, you know the .

Euginics Essay Example

Euginics Essay Example Euginics Essay Euginics Essay Eugenics Research The word eugenics was coined in 1883 by British mathematician Francis Gallon, who defined it as the science of improving the stock. The eugenics movement, he said, would be dedicated to allowing the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable. The movement had its heyday from the asses to the asses, when eugenicists argued that southern Europeans, Jews, people of color, homosexuals, and people with disabilities were inferior to white, heterosexual, able-bodied Protestants of northern European scent. Eugenics made somewhat of a comeback in the asses with the advent of genetic in-outer testing, which some see as a new phase in the effort to purify society. Great Britains Francis Gallon was a 19th-century scientist and anthropologist whose achievements spanned an incredible variety of fields and disciplines. He is best known as the inventor of the science of eugenics, an endeavor to use the insight gained through Charles Darnings theory of evolution to improve the human species through the control of hereditary factors in mating. Gallon was born in Birmingham, England on February 16, 1822 into a family with Quaker roots. His father, Samuel Terries Gallon, was a wealthy man, and his mother, Violet Darwin Gallon, was the daughter of Erasmus Darwin, the famous 18th-century English naturalist and grandfather of Charles Darwin (hence, Francis Gallon and Charles Darwin were cousins). Gallon was a quick student, and he could read English, Latin, and Greek even before he reached school age. At the age of 14, Gallon entered King Edwards School in Birmingham. He soon chafed under the regime of classical studies, craving instruction in math and science. His arent intended him for a career in medicine, so in his teens, he embarked on a tour of medical institutions in Europe. After his return, he worked in the Birmingham General Hospital, entering Kings College in London to study medicine in 1839. However, his commitment to formal medical training did not run as deep as his interest in travel. While he was in Geneses, Germany to attend chemistry lectures, he was seized by a passion to see faraway places. Leaving the lectures, he traveled through Vienna, Constantinople, and Greece. Gallon returned in 1840 and left his medical studies at Kings College in favor of thematic, the study of which he pursued at Trinity College, Cambridge University. Overwork soon wore him down, and he suffered a collapse in his third year, causing him to miss an opportunity to take honors in his new field. Gallon left Cambridge without receiving a degree and returned to medical school in London. However, shortly after he had resigned himself to making his living in medicine, his father died. Thus, in 1844, at age 21, Gallon inherited a fortune that freed him of the need to continue his studies, and he abandoned all thought of becoming a physician. He could now indulge in his abiding passions: travel and unrestricted scientific inquiry. 1850, he began a two-year exploration of remote areas in southwest Africa. His successes here caused the Royal Geographical Society to award him its Gold Medal and elect him a fellow in 1853. Three years later, he was made a fellow in the prestigious Royal Society. He published two volumes of travel writing, Tropical South Africa (1853) and The Art of Travel (1855), which further increased his fame. The asses were very busy and eventful for Gallon, as he also married Louisa Butler in 1853. The marriage remained childless. Over the next several decades, Gallon continued to display his diverse interests and talents, continuing his work for the Royal Geographical Society while publishing papers on a wide variety of scientific subjects. He performed pioneering research in the field of meteorology (on anticyclones) and laid the foundation of modern fingerprint classification. He also worked on several inventions and continued his studies in mathematics, introducing innovations in the study of statistics. The publication of Darnings monumental Origin of Species in 1859 stimulated his greatest interest, however. In 1869, Gallon published Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences, and his overriding interest for the rest of his life would be in heredity, genetics, and eugenics. Hereditary Genius introduced Gallons contention that extraordinary ability was passed down from one generation to the next within certain families. He had noticed, he said, that the great and talented individuals in society tended to come from families that had produced other outstanding individuals. This trend had led him to believe that children inherited not only their physical characteristics from their arent, but also their mental abilities. From these ideas and his reading of Darwin, Gallon theorized that humans could control heredity for their own purposes and promote the creation of a society peopled by superior genetic stock. He termed his new science, devoted to promoting ways to achieve this goal of genetic engineering, eugenics?a word deriving from the Greek work Eugene, meaning well-born. From the beginning, other scientists disputed Gallons claims, arguing that culture, environment, and education were more decisive in shaping human character than genetics. This debate is often preferred to as nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment) and is still hotly disputed today. To prove his theories and promote eugenics, Gallon devoted much of his time to scientific data-gathering, employing primarily anthropometry (the measurement of various parts of peoples anatomy, especially the face and skull) and statistics. He published the results in The English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874), Inquiries into the Human Faculty and its Development (1883), Record of Family Faculties (1884), and Natural Inheritance (1889). He also launched a scientific Journal voted to eugenics and the quantification of human qualities, Biometrics, in 1891 , and in 1893, he set up the Eugenics Laboratory at the University of London. In both of become the main advocate of eugenics in Britain after Gallons death. What Pearson and Gallon desired was a more scientific approach to reproduction in human society, with an eye to producing the fittest offspring, thereby improving the level of intelligence, morality, and health in society at large. This improvement could be accomplished, they argued, either through positive eugenics?encouraging the Redding of superior individuals?or through negative eugenics?discouraging or preventing the reproduction of such undesirable members of society as the sick, criminals, the insane, and even the poor. Such negative meaner did not preclude the use of force, in the form of compulsory sterilization. Gallons ideas on heredity spread all over the world and were influential in eugenics movements and programs in Europe as well as such places as Japan, Brazil, and the United States. Though his ideas were controversial during his lifetime and have remained so after his death, it is clear that he never envisioned the kind of arduous racial selection practiced in Nazi Germany before and during World War II, even though Nazi scientists relied on many of his theories. During the last years of his life, Gallon continued to research, write, and lecture at an astounding rate, and he received many honors from scientific societies and universities all over the world. In 1909, he was knighted by the British Crown. Despite his prolific output, Gallon suffered ill-health over the last years of his life, no doubt caused and exacerbated by his unrelenting work schedule. On January 17, 1911, he died at Hastener, in the county of Surrey, in England. In his will, he endowed a chair in eugenics at the University of London, of which Pearson was the first occupant. Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. A great deal of controversy surrounds both the concept and practice of genetic engineering: the idea that humans should try to shape and control the world and their own bodies is a concern to many and runs counter to the worlds major religions. Critics also point out that genetic control would necessarily rest in the ands of a few people; thus, genetic engineering could be used for political and economic ends. People with inferior genes, for example, could be discriminated against in employment, health care, and insurance. In addition, the specter of the Nazis experimentation with eugenics during World War II haunts many critics and raises issues of ethnocentrism, racism, and indigenous rights. German National Socialist racial policy was based in large part on the anti-Semitic views of Doll Hitler, coupled with the geopolitical and living state theories of Karl Hauser, and evened with theories taken from the Social Darwinist school of Herbert Spencer and Ernst Mary and the eugenics and scientific racism expounded by Francis Gallon. This mixture provided the ideological foundation of Nazism. Anti-Semitism loomed large in Hitters thinking, and he found support for his hatred in the works of learned men such as Gallon. Gallon had written too friend in 1884: It strikes me that the Jews are specialized for a parasitical existence upon the nation. Hitler concurred, Deer Swage Jude (The Eternal Jew), as parasites. The Nazis found support for their ideas of the existence of Internments (subhuman) n the academic world of Germany. The Institutes for Racial Hygiene staffed by professors and doctors such as Erwin Barr, Eugene Fischer, and Frizz Lend, built a pseudoscience framework around Hitters racist views. These scientists put together comparative charts with different types of eyes, noses, and mouths that purported to allow the researcher to identify a persons race through physical morphology. It was said to be particularly easy to spot Jews Just on appearance, a farcical proposition belied by the fact that Jews were compelled to wear an identifying mark (Star of David) on their garments. These sorts of contradictions were the hallmark of Nazi racial theory. Alfred Rosenberg also contributed heavily to Nazi race theory with his books on Baltic Germans and the supposed role of Jews in history. Nazi racial theories also held that Gypsies (Room) were subhuman, and they too were slated for extinction. Nazi racial policies were codified in 1935 with the passage of the Murderer Laws. One of them, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor, took many of its sections directly from U. S. Eugenics laws on the books in the state of Virginia. The Murderer Laws made the discrimination against Jews and Gypsies legal, and made them stateless persons. The Nazis also targeted other racial groups as being inferior, and therefore marked for destruction. Of particular concern were the Slavs, second only in Hitters hatred to the Jews. The Poles were particularly reviled by the Nazis, and were eventually all to be eliminated. The Russians were seen as an admixture of two inferior races: the Asiatic/Mongol and the Slav. Russians were to be selectively bred in limited numbers to serve as slaves, the rest were marked for death. The flip side of this discriminatory racism, was the identification of true Aryans believed by the Nazis to be the seed of the Germanic races). A number of expeditions were sent to far-flung corners of the world in search of the origin of the German superman. Different types of Aryans were identified: Nordic German, Baltic German, and so on. Every German couple who wished to marry had to produce documents showing freedom from hereditary diseases, and ancestry charts that went back at least four generations showing no Jewish blood. Ironically, it is believed that leading Nazis including Hitler and Reinhardt Hydride could not legitimately meet these requirements. The Nazi New Order was a far-reaching and complex scheme to weep away Rupees existing governments and impose a new form of society. The goals of the New Order were to completely remold society economically, socially, racially, and militarily, in order to create ideal conditions for National Socialism. It was nothing short of a Nazi vision of utopia in which Nationalist Socialist Germany reigned supreme. It was to be a society where Nordic/Germanic supermen lived in violists harmony with their fellow Germans. The Nazis saw this as a world free of merely to serve the Master Race. Nazi social ideology espoused a community where everyone was an active participant n the building of the society. Ideological orthodoxy was the main requirement, as well as enthusiastic support for the regime. Dissent was to be reported, and dissenters isolated from the rest of society. Lesser races, which mainly meant the Slavs, were to be enslaved to serve the Master Race. They were to receive only such education as was necessary and reduced in numbers through sterilization and birth control. The Nazis envisioned a return to the Middle Ages, with rural Germanic lords farming large estates in the former Soviet Union, worked by Slavic serfs. Each Nazi lord would be a soldier/farmer, who would defend the frontier against barbarian incursions. Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, and political dissidents would have no place in such a society and were to be exterminated, as would be the weak, mentally challenged, and those deemed unfit. The ideological underpinnings of this vision are to be found in Doll Hitters book, Mien Kampala, and were a loose synthesis of German nationalism, Social Darwinism, eugenics, and scientific racism. Economically, this New Order called for big business to remain free to pursue profit, s long as the industrialists worked at state bidding. Employment would be guaranteed through movements such as the Reestablishments (German Labor Service?RADAR), which provided Jobs for all. The RADAR also acted in lieu of labor unions, which were prohibited, and assured affordable housing for workers, cheap transportation, and even state-paid holidays through the Kraft Durra Freud (Strength Through Joy organization). Those countries that became part of the Greater German Reich and allied states such as France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Britain would have their economies subsumed into that of German, and would be expected o implement Nazi labor and industrial policies. Those countries slated for subjugation, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, were to be stripped of any industry and would become vast agricultural belts, run by the new Teutonic Knights, the AS, and worked by their serf laborers. Racially, certain groups were slated for extinction. Jews were first on the list along with Room (Gypsies). Those born with physical disabilities or the mentally challenged would also be killed. Nazi texts refer to such people as life unworthy of life. Socially and politically heterodox persons would also be removed from society, much like a eases. The Slavs were to be ground down, as workers in the German agricultural belt in the east. Militarily, the old German Army would gradually be phased out in favor of the new political soldiers of the AS, who were to form a new politically aware and ideologically pure Teutonic knighthood. A large portion of the industrial sector would continue to produce and develop new weaponry to enable the Nazi state to dominate the world. The Preliminary Report of the Governors Task Force to Determine the Method of report presents recommendations on how to compensate victims of forced theorization under state law and evaluates previous recommendations. Between 1929 and 1974, more than 7,500 men and women, including some as young as 10, were sterilized under the auspices of North Carolina Eugenics Board and its predecessors. In March 2011, Gob. Bee Purdue of North Carolina issued an executive order creating a task force to examine the problem of compensating surviving victims. The letter of transmittal from the report appears below; the full text (93 pages) can be found in the inset PDF. Dear Governor Purdue: Thank you for giving us the opportunity to study North Carolinas former eugenics aerogram and recommend to you what we believe is a fair and meaningful compensation package for those who were sterilized by the state. All of us heard the painful testimony in June from victims of the states program and we know you are familiar with the details of this shameful period in our history. Between 1929 and 1974, about 7,600 men, women and children were determined to be unfit to reproduce by the N. C. Eugenics Board and sterilized, in most cases without their consent. State officials estimate that 2,944 men and women who were sterilized by the Eugenics Board are still living, though we understand that this figure s probably an overestimate. Its clear to us that they deserve compensation and that no value or amount can provide complete closure. In seeking to provide sincere recommendations to the state and victims of this past scar on North Carolinas history, we each acknowledge that the state of North Carolina must move beyond Just an apology. We also understand that many differences of opinion exist regarding the best ways to provide Justice to North Carolinas Eugenics Board program victims. We are grateful that we have six more months to consider these issues in more detail. We offer these as our preliminary recommendations: Lump Sum Financial Damages for Living Victims of the N. C. Eugenics Board program Mental Health Services for Living Victims Funding for Traveling N. C. Eugenics Exhibit Continuation and Expansion for the N. C. Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation The preliminary recommendations listed above are not final but serve to provide insight to our current mindset as we proceed. The following report also highlights our current examination of past recommendations made by previous commissions. The Task Force will continue our work over the next few months to review feedback n these preliminary recommendations, seek more information from additional state agencies and stakeholders, and have more intentional conversations before developing the final report and recommendations by February 1, 2012. As a lump sum payment. We need more time to consider these and other figures. The Task Force strongly believes that any damages awarded to victims should be exempt from state taxes. Some victims have requested that victims estates also be eligible for compensation. We need more time to consider that request. We also want to fully explore the possibility of offering state health benefits to living victims. By February, we also will make a recommendation on the staffing and other administrative costs to administer the program and aggressively reach out to victims so that all those entitled to compensation may receive it. A timeline for victims to come forward for potential compensation also will need to be determined. The state also has an obligation to make sure such violations of basic human rights are never repeated. We believe that education will serve as a deterrent. Several years ago, the Department of Cultural Resources put together a traveling exhibit that tells the story of Eugenics in North Carolina. The exhibit is in need of some repair and updating. We will come back to you in February with more detailed recommendations for an updated traveling exhibit and other documentary work that can be used to reach large numbers of North Carolina citizens. We know that in a period of tight budgets compensation may not be popular among your constituents. For many citizens, it may be hard to Justify spending millions when the state is cutting back on other essential services. But the fact is, there never will be a good time to redress these wrongs and the victims have already waited too long. The editorial pages of the states leading newspapers have all called for compensation. The John Locke Foundation?a leading conservative think tank?has also called for compensation. We urge you to use your office to build upon this emerging consensus and to ask the General Assembly to take up the matter as soon as possible. We also invite you to meet with us as a group, or individually, as we are eager to hear your response to our preliminary recommendations and to help you in whatever way we can to bring about Justice. Thank you for standing up for the men and women who were deeply harmed. We acknowledge the huge tasks and responsibilities of the Task Force, the Legislature, and the State of North Carolina and the states efforts to redress an injustice that other states have ignored. We also acknowledge that no amount of money can replace or give value to what has been done to nearly 7,600 people?men, women, boys, girls, African Americans, Whites, American Indians, the poor, undereducated, and disabled who our state and its citizens Judged, targeted, and labeled morons, unfit, and blindsided. Respectfully submitted this first day of August, 2011 North Carolina Digital Collections Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was formed in the middle asses to address issues directly facing Indian women and their families. WARN has some notable alumnae. For example, Winnow Allude, who ran for vice president of the United States on the member. When the American Indian Movement (AIM) began in the asses, women memb ers found themselves playing supporting (and, some asserted, subservient) roles. In 1974, at Rapid City, South Dakota, Native women from more than 30 nations met and decided, among other things, that truth and communication are among our most valuable tools in the liberation of our lands, people, and four-legged and winged reaction. The formation of WARN enabled politically active Native American women to speak with a collective voice on issues that affected them intensely. At the same time, WARN members, with chapters throughout the United States, worked to support a large number of Native American men in prisons. Members of WARN also form liaisons with non-native feminist groups, such as the National Organization of Women, to advocate policies of concern to minority women. The groups main priorities include the improvement of educational opportunities, health and medical care (including reproductive rights), resistance to violence against omen, an end to stereotyping, support for treaties, and protection of the environment, including campaigns against uranium mining and milling, a long-time threat to Alaska and Navajo women as well as men. One critical issue raised by WARN is the widespread sterilization of Native American women in government-run hospitals, an extension of a eugenics movement aimed at impeding the population increase of groups believed by some in government to be poor and/or mentally defective. These programs had ended for most of non-landing groups after World War II (Germanys Nazis having given eugenics an extremely bad petition), but they continued on Indian reservations through the asses. Wherever Indian activists gathered during the Red Power years of the asses, conversation inevitably turned to the number of women who had had their tubes tied or their ovaries removed by the Indian Health Service. Communication spurred by activism provoked a growing number of Native American women to piece together and name what amounted to a national eugenics policy carried out with copious federal funding. WARN and other womens organizations publicized the sterilizations, which were performed after pro formal consent of the women being sterilized. The consent sometimes was not offered in the womens language, and often followed threats that they would die or lose their welfare benefits if they had more children. At least two 1 5-year-old girls were told they were having their tonsils out before their ovaries were removed. The enormity of government-funded sterilization, as well as its eugenics context, has been documented by Sally Torpor in her thesis, Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity, asses-asses, written at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. No one even today knows exactly how many Native American women were sterilized Office, whose study covered only four of 12 IIS regions over four years (1973-1976). Within those limits, the study documented the sterilization of 3,406 Indian women. Another estimate was provided by Lehman Brighten (Alaska), who devoted much of his life to the issue. His educated guess (without exact calculations to back it up) is that 40% of Native women and 10% of Native men were sterilized during the decade. Brighten estimates that the total number of Indian women sterilized during the cascade was between 60,000 and 70,000. The women of WARN played a central role in bringing involuntary sterilization of Native American women to an end. Further Reading American Indian Movement ( Movement. Org); Johannes, Bruce E. Reprise/Forced Sterilizations. Native Americas 1 5 (Winter 1998): 4, 44-47; Torpor, Sally J. Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity: asses-asses. Masters thesis, University of Nebraska, 1998. MEAL Citation Women of All Red Nations. American History. BBC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 9 Par. 2013. Improving National Health in the Progressive Era During the Progressive Era, the concept of eugenics was intertwined with many health reform crusades including prohibition (intentional), social hygiene (prevention of sexually transmitted diseases), and tuberculosis (TAB) movements. These crusades culminated in changes to public policy and the creation of mandatory health education programs. Although the 1912 Progressive Party standardize, Theodore Roosevelt, advocated national heath insurance, most Progressive health reformers were largely interested in preventing various health problems in the first place. One of the central tenets of such thinking was the new science of eugenics, which, according to its founder Francis Gallon, was the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race [humankind]. During the first three decades of the 20th century, the eugenics movement aimed to improve the health and vitality of Americans and to prevent disease and social problems, which reformers believed to be weakening the human race; many health reformers of the Progressive Era subscribed to eugenic theory. Eugenics was based on the theory of The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics reposed in 1800 by Jean-Baptists Lamarckian. This theory of heredity was still accepted by some scientists and social reformers into the late asses, although in 1866 Gregory Mendel had discovered the basis of genetics?physiology of heredity and its variations. These principles were rediscovered in 1900. Individuals for centuries had recognized that traits and behaviors?both good and bad?ran in families. Health and social reformers had noted that alcoholism, tuberculosis, mental illness and disability, and pauperism (or inherited poverty) appeared to be passed from one enervation to the next. They believed that damage to germ cells?ovum and sperm ?was caused by certain environmental factors. These included racial poisons, such as tobacco, alcohol, and other substances and diseases. This damage in turn could be passed down to offspring and lead to mental and physical debility and the degeneration of society. Formers proclaimed that if toxic substances and diseases were eliminated, and individuals practiced a healthier lifestyle, there would be an increase in health, fitness, and longevity, and a decrease in debility, crime, and social problems. These levels influenced the intentional and tobacco, sexually transmitted disease (Studs), and tuberculosis movements of the Progressive Era. They were also a factor in the pro-personal hygiene, diet, exercise, birth control, and sex education movements. All of these health reform movements culminated in the implementation of public policy or educational programs and their effects are still seen. A major health and social movement of the era with an underpinning of eugenic theory was the intentional or prohibition movement. The saloon at the end of the 19th century was seen as a breeding ground for major health and social problems. Men would spend all their wages, become alcoholic, and consort with prostitutes at the saloon. This led to family poverty, spousal or child abuse, and the transmission of Studs to wives and offspring. Campaigns against saloons and alcohol emerged in 1893, with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League. By 1913, half the states had local option or state prohibition laws. The Eighteenth Amendment, which established national prohibition, was fostered by the League and passed in 1918 with the aim of eliminating alcohol forever in the United States. However, this public policy did not eliminate alcohol. Instead, the law as largely unenforceable and spawned a large criminal black market. (Due to these factors and the Great Depression, Prohibition would be repealed in 1932. Ignorance and syphilis, the primary Studs of the era, were major health concerns. Their prevalence was thought to be due to prostitution, a lack of sex education, and the double standard of sexuality which gave men the freedom to experiment sexually. To eliminate these diseases, social-hygiene reformers and eugenicists campaigned for sex education in the schools, changes in marriage laws, and the elimination of prostitu tion. Mandatory premarital health exams and a blood test for yuppyish before a marriage license was granted were instituted as a health and eugenic measure in several states by 1912. Mandatory reporting of sexually transmitted disease to public health authorities was implemented around 1910, along with the routine application of silver nitrate (and later antibiotics) to the eyes of newborns to prevent blindness from ignorance. These measures resulted in a decrease of Studs and are still legally required in most states. However, the premarital exam or blood test for syphilis was phased out in many states over the last decades of the 20th century as antibiotics were developed that generally cured Hess diseases. The tuberculosis movement was one of the most visible health crusades of the Progressive Era and became a model for other health campaigns. It had both an educational and public policy component. TAB was a leading cause of death and debility at the beginning of the 20th century. It ran in families, was associated with poverty, and was a concern of eugenicists and public health professionals. By the turn of the 20th century, laws that banned spitting had been implemented to curtail the spread of TAB. In New York City, bastardization of milk was implemented in the first decade of the century, and mandatory reporting of cases

Drugs policyand the intellectuals by william j bennett Article

Drugs policyand the intellectuals by william j bennett - Article Example Bennett argues that taking the money making aspect out of the drug problem will not solve anything, that legalized marijuana would make school more difficult for students, and that intellectuals have a generalized distain for law enforcement in general. However, most of Bennett’s arguments are guilty of being oversimplified in the same way that he accuses contradictory arguments to be as well. Upon examination, his arguments do not really hold up to close scrutiny. Bennett argues that part of the idea behind legalizing drugs would be to remove the money making incentive that comes with them. He states that very few drug dealers actually make money, and that more often than not drug dealers need another source of income to supplement their income because their drug habits grow much too large. To an extent this is true. Drug dealers that are on the lower rungs of the system often have habits that they spend most of their money feeding. This is why they are and will remain on the lower rungs. However, the people who are in the higher levels of the drug dealing business are able to achieve that status because they know enough to stay off of drugs in the first place. Any drug dealer who is actually able to make money at dealing drugs does not do the drugs themselves. People that are higher up in the chain distribute drugs all the way down to the lower rungs, and if they money making incentive is taken away from the people who grow and produce the d rugs, then this will be a good deterrent for those people. If the people in the higher rungs don’t have the incentive, then they will not be distributing the drugs down to the lower rungs who disseminate the drugs to a larger area. As we can see, Bennett’s argument against removing the incentive was merely short-sighted and oversimplified. After this argument, Bennett states that legalizing drugs will lead to a highly increased level of drug usage among the general population. The argument that